Transcript World Conflict (1)x

World Conflict and Expansion
of U.S. Power
Summer School 2014
Imperialism
• Europe leads the way
– During the 1800s Europe competed for
colonies and influence around the world.
– Asia and Africa had been carved up and
nearly totally possessed by 1885
• U.S. decided they need to compete as well
– New markets for American business
– New source of resources
– Prevent European Domination
U.S. and Spain
• Desire to expand brings U.S. in conflict with
European Countries interests.
• Cuba – Spanish possession
• Cubans rebel in 1895
• Spanish Army Sends 150,000 troops to put down
rebellion.
• Many Cubans are imprisoned.
– Estimated 200,000 die
• Cuban exiles living in U.S. urge government to
intervene
Media Turns Opinion
• The Spread of Newspapers and “Yellow
Journalism” convince people that
something needs to be done about the
Spanish
• Sensationalized reports about butchering
Cubans and the horrors of the Spanish
make people believe we need to “liberate”
Cuba.
Escalation
• 1898 – Riots break out in Havana
• U.S. decided to move Battleship U.S.S. Maine into
the cities harbor to protect American citizens and
property.
• February 15, 1898 a massive explosion of the Maine
kills more than 250 American Soldiers.
• Media says Spain attacked U.S. Ship and Americans
call for War.
• In reality an accidental fire causes explosion of
ammunition inside ship!
Spanish-American War
• May 1st 1898 War breaks out between U.S. and
Spain not in Cuba, but in Philippines.
• U.S. Destroys Spanish Pacific Fleet
• Philippines were last Spanish possession in
Asia.
– Secretary of Navy Roosevelt thought it would make
perfect American Naval base in Asia.
• U.S. Invades Cuba and War is over July 3rd
1898 with destruction of Spanish Fleet
• Cuba declares Independence
Treaty of Paris
• Spain recognizes Cuba’s Independence
• U.S. gives Spain 20 million
• U.S. gets Philippines, Puerto Rico, and
Guam
• These areas become “Unincorporated
Territories”
• Ratification was challenging
– Many Senators believed Imperialism was
wrong and we had no business doing it.
– Passes by 1 vote in Senate
The Great War
U.S. History Summer School 2014
Causes
• Imperialism
– Most European countries were racing to expand all
over the world. This competition for land would lead to
conflict
• Militarism
– Using military strength as form of diplomacy. Militaries
gained more power over governments
• Nationalism
– Belief your nation was best and most powerful and
should be leader.
• Alliances
– System of alliances between countries bring those not
involved in conflict into the war.
Assassination
• Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in
Sarajevo, Bosnia by a Serbian Nationalist
who believed Bosnia should be part of
Serbia
• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
– Serbia calls Russia and asks for help
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Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
Then Germany declares war on Russia
France then declares war on Germany
England then declares war on Germany
Fighting
• War takes place literally all over the world
– Western Front
• France, Belgium Germany
– Eastern Front
• Russia
– Africa
– Middle East
– Asia
United States
• 92 million Americans 1/3 are immigrants
• Many immigrants wanted the U.S. to enter
the war.
• President Wilson proclaims the U.S. a
Neutral country
• Business welcomes Neutrality
• Other felt that we should be preparing for
war.
– Slowly and quietly the Government began
increasing the armed forces and military
preparedness.
1914-1916 U.S. Stay Out
• Jan. 31, 1917 Germany notifies U.S. it is
ending the Sussex pledge and would be
resuming unrestricted submarine warfare
in the North Sea and Atlantic.
• Zimmermann Note
– British intercept telegram from Germany to
Mexico
• If Mexico declares War on U.S., then Germany
would reward Mexico with land in southwest.
• Wilson does not take seriously
• Turns public opinion against Germany and more
people want U.S. to Enter War
March 1917
• Germany sinks 3 U.S. ships and
government patience runs out
• April 6th 1917, Congress passes War
resolution and president signs it.
• May 1917 – Draft
– This draft was accepted unlike the draft during
the Civil War.
– Many believed we needed to be involved in
this “War To End All Wars”
U.S. in, Russia out
• Just as the U.S. was landing its troops in
Europe, Russia was going through their
own revolution
• Russian revolution ends their participation
in the war and they pull out.
• Germany now can send more troops to
France.
• U.S. arrives at perfect time to bolster the
British and French and begin to help turn
tide of the war.
Central Powers growing weaker
• Germany, Austro-Hungarians, and
Ottomans by 1918 were growing very
weak.
• Ottomans were destroyed
• Austro-Hungarians were struggling
• Germans had been providing the bulk of
Central power strength and they were now
running out of supplies and man power.
• Everyone knew then end was near
January 1919, Paris Peace
Conference
• Wilson’s goal at conference was to create
an international agency where countries
could bring their grievances and settle
them peacefully
• League of Nations
• U.S. Congress controlled by Republicans
does not Ratify treaty and U.S. never
becomes member of League.
• Main reason for its demise
Treaty of Versailles
• June 28, 1919
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Redraws map of Europe
Redraws map of Africa
Redraws map of Middle East
Redraws map of Southeast Asia
• Germany must take responsibility for brunt of
War
• Must pay 33 Billion to Allies
– Cripples German Economy
• Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires broken
up
• Treaty Designed to Humiliate Germany
• U.S. never ratifies treaty
World War II
U.S. History Summer School 2014
Germany and Adolf Hitler
• Germany was crushed by the Treaty of
Versailles and the great Worldwide depression.
• Hitler was a WWI veteran, upset with the
government, who attempted in 1923 to
overthrow the German Government
• He was sentenced to 5 years in Prison, but
served only 9 months
• While in Prison he wrote his book Mein Kampf
outlining his philosophy for the Nazi party and
the means by which Germany would return to
power
Hitler comes to Power
• Germans were looking for anyone who could
give them hope
• Hitler was good at telling people who to blame
and how he could lead them all back to
prosperity
• The more Hitler promised more and more
people began to believe in him.
• The Nazi party won a majority in the German
government in the 1932 elections and by 1933
Hitler was named Chancellor
Hitler and power
• Soon after becoming Chancellor he begins
silencing, by many different means, any
voice of opposition to his party and
philosophies
• In 1933 the German parliament
mysteriously burned to the ground
• Hitler blamed the communists and he
convinces parliament to grant him
dictatorial powers
• He gave himself the title of Der Fuhrer
(The Leader)
Hitler takes first steps
• Hitler gradually began to take steps to break
treaty of Versailles
• 1935 Hitler begins to rearm and reform military
• 1936 Hitler sends troops to the Rhineland
• 1936 Germany and Fascist Italy sign Axis treaty
allying with each other. Japan joins 1940 - Axis
Powers
• Neither France nor Britain had any desire for
conflict after WWI, so they did nothing as Hitler
took these first steps.
Germany Expands
• March 1938, Hitler annexes Austria
• Later in 1938 Hitler demanded the
Sudetenland, an ethnic German area of
western Czechoslovakia.
• Munich Conference Sept. 1938
– Trying to avoid war Britain and France follow
policy of appeasement
– Hitler says he will take no more land or acts of
aggression if he can have the Sudetenland.
– France and Britain ok it
War Begins
• 6 months after Munich conference Hitler takes rest of
Czechoslovakia
– England and France – OK don’t do it again!
• Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland
• Sept. 3, 1939 – Britain and France declare war on
Germany
• Sept. 30 1939 Poland surrenders
• Germany invades France May 1940
• France Surrenders June 1940
• Hitler looks like great hero to his people for conquering
the French who punished them after WWI
• Germany Invades Soviet Union June 1941, Almost wins
by September.
– Soviets hold on
Japan allies itself with Germany
and Italy
• Japan had been completing its own acts of
aggression in southeast Asia
• Japan occupies Manchuria in 1932
• 1937 Japan invades greater China
• 1940 Japan takes Indochina (Vietnam)
• U.S. begins to worry about Japan and its
military buildup
• U.S. begins restricting sales of raw
materials to Japan which they desperately
needed
U.S. and view of Europe
• U.S. does not want to get into war in
Europe
• Lend-Lease Act 1940
– U.S. would not sell arms to Britain but instead
would lease them
– This was done because Roosevelt said we
needed to ally ourselves with Britain because
they were vital to our security
Pearl Harbor
• December 7th 1941
• Japan launches sneak attack on U.S.
naval base at Pearl Harbor Hawaii
• December 8th U.S. declares war on Japan
• Germany, being allied with Japan,
declares war on U.S. on December 11th
• U.S. would now be forced into war in
Europe and Pacific
Major Battles Pacific
• Battle of Coral Sea – May 1942
– First Naval Battle where ships never see each
other – Draw
• Battle of Midway – June 1942
– U.S. gets lucky and destroys most of
Japanese carrier fleet
• Battle of Guadalcanal – Aug. 1942
– U.S. goes on the Offensive
– Battle lasts till Feb. 1943
– First capture of Japanese held territory
Major Battles Pacific
• Battle of Leyte Gulf – Summer 1944
– U.S. destroys last significant Japanese fleet
• Iwo Jima and Okinawa – Nov. ’44/ Feb. ‘45
– Significant airfields for direct bomb raids on Japan
– Bloody and difficult battles
• U.S. prepare for invasion of Japan
– Risky – Lots of U.S. Casualties expected
• Drop Bomb instead
– Aug. 6th 1945 Hiroshima
– Aug. 9th 1945 Nagasaki
• Japan accepts U.S. terms of surrender August
14th 1945
• Formal surrender Sept. 2, 1945
Major Battles in Europe
• North Africa – 1943 U.S. helps beat back
Germans from Africa
• Italy – U.S. invades Italy July ’43 and Italy
surrenders Sept. ’43
• U.S. begins bombing Germany and
German held France from Britain
• By 1944, U.S. has total air superiority over
Germany and Russians are driving
Germans back on Eastern Front
D-Day
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June 6th, 1944
Allied Invasion of France at Normandy
150,000 troops in France by end of the day.
Germans begin retreat
By December, Germans are nearly pushed back
to Germany
• Battle of the Bulge
– December 1944
– Final German offensive
– Germans literally run out of Gas
Fall of Germany
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Soviets surround Berlin by April 1945
Hitler refuses to surrender
Hitler commits suicide April 30, 1945
Germany surrenders May 8th 1945
U.S., Britain, and Soviet Union meet at
Yalta conference to divide up post war
Germany
• Lay the seeds of the cold war