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From Isolation to
World War II:
1930-1943: From
Isolation to World
War II: 1930-1939
Non-Interventionism
The Beginning of the War
Conflict in Europe
Conflict in the Pacific
America's Early Involvement
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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From... > Non-Interventionism
Non-Interventionism
• Postwar Isolationism
• War Debts and Reparations
• Attempts at Disarmament
• The Kellogg-Briand Pact
• The "Good Neighbor" Policy
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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From... > The Beginning of the War
The Beginning of the War
• Japanese Incursions into China
• Italy and Germany
• The Mood in America
• The Expanding Axis
• Degrees of Neutrality
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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From... > Conflict in Europe
Conflict in Europe
• Blitzkrieg
• America's Growing Involvement in WWII
• FDR's Third Term
• The "Arsenal of Democracy"
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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From... > Conflict in the Pacific
Conflict in the Pacific
• Japanese Aggression
• The Attack on Pearl Harbor
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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From... > America's Early Involvement
America's Early Involvement
• The Mood in America
• The Guadalcanal Campaign
• Coral Sea and Midway
• The Guadalcanal Campaign
• The Setbacks in the Atlantic
• Britain's Strategy
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Appendix
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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From...
Key terms
• America First Committee The foremost and biggest non-interventionist pressure group fighting against the American entry into
World War II.
• American Neutrality Act The Neutrality Acts were laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s in
response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia eventually leading to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in
isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US
would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.
• Appeasement A diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict.
• Arsenal of Democracy "The Arsenal of Democracy" was a slogan coined by President Roosevelt, in a radio broadcast delivered
on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies
while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. "The great arsenal of democracy" came to specifically reference
America and its industrial machine, as the primary military supplier for the Allied war effort.
• Arsenal of Democracy A slogan used by Franklin D. Roosevelt in a radio address, in which he promised to help the United
Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. The term
came to specifically reference America and its industrial machine as the primary military supplier for the Allied war effort.
• Article 231 The article of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles (knows as the "War Guilt Clause") that declared Germany responsible
for all "loss and damage" experienced by the Allied and Associated powers during World War I.
• Axis Expansion Axis expansion refers to the early 1940s when the Axis reached its maximal expansion. Axis-controlled territory
included western Europe (excluding Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom), Norway, Finland, Eastern Europe,
North Africa, Southern Indochina, and part of China.
• Battle of Britain A combat of the Second World War, when the Royal Air Force defended the United Kingdom against the
German Air Force attacks from the end of June 1940, and described as the first major campaign fought entirely by air forces.
• Battle of Coral Sea A major naval battle in the PacificTheater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied
naval andair forces from the United States and Australia, fought May 4-8, 1941. Althougha tactical victory for the Japanese in
terms of ships sunk, the battle wouldprove to be a strategic victory for the Allies.
• Battle of Midway A decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Between June 4 and 7, 1942, the United States
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Navy decisively deflected an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attack
Midway
Atoll,
irreparable
damage on the
From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From...
• Battle of the Coral Sea A major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and
Allied naval and air forces from the United States and Australia, fought May 4-8, 1941. Although a tactical victory for the
Japanese in terms of ships sunk, the battle would prove to be a strategic victory for the Allies.
• blitzkrieg A method of warfare, used by Germany in the early period of World War II, whereby an attacking force spearheaded
by a dense concentration of armored and motorized or mechanized infantry formations with close air support, breaks through
the opponent's line of defense by short, fast, powerful attacks and then dislocates the defenders, using speed and surprise to
encircle them.
• Cash and Carry Cash and carry was a policy requested by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on September 21, 1939
to replace the Neutrality Acts of 1936. The revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents, as long as the recipients
arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash.
• Cash and Carry A policy requested by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt first in 1936 and later in 1939. It allowed the
sale of materiel to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately
in cash.
• Chiang Kai-Shek A 20th-century Chinese political and military leader. He was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT),
or the Chinese Nationalist Party. In the Chinese civil war, the KMT fought against the Communist Party of China (CPC). The
CPC defeated the Nationalists in 1949, forcing his government to retreat to Taiwan. After evacuating to Taiwan, his government
continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. The US recognized the KMT as the legitimate government of China,
rather than recognize the CPC.
• Dawes Plan A 1924 plan to end the Ruhr occupation and reorganize the system of reparations imposed on Germany in the
aftermath of World War I.
• Destroyers for Bases The Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom in September
2, 1940, transferred fifty World War I era destroyers from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British
possessions.
• Europe first A key element of the grand strategy employed by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II.
According to this policy, the United States and the United Kingdom would use the preponderance of their resources to subdue
Nazi Germany in Europe first.
• Good Neighbor Policy A policy introduced in 1933 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt that promoted the principle of nonintervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It was introduced after a period when the United
States' military repeatedly intervened in Latin America, usually in
order to protect its own interests in the region.
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• International Conference of American States The International Conference of American States of 1938 adopted the Lima
Declaration and reinforced inter-American solidarity.
• international law International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and
nations. It serves as the indispensable framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations.
• internment camp A prison camp for the confinement of enemy aliens (actual or individuals percieved as such), prisoners of war,
or political prisoners.
• Irreconcilables A bi-partisan group of Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles in the United States in 1919.
• Irreconcilables A bi-partisan group of Senators whoopposed the Treaty of Versailles in the United States in 1919.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war
to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them. " It was
signed by Germany, France, and the United States on August 27, 1928.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact An international agreement, in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or
conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them. " It was signed by Germany,
France, and the United States in 1928 and many other nations after that.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact An international agreement, inwhich signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes
orconflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may ariseamong them." It was signed by Germany,
France, and the United States in1928 and many other nations after that.
• Kriegsmarine The Kriegsmarine (War Navy) was the name of the German Navy from 1935 to 1945; most of the period of Nazi
rule. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.
• Lateran Treaty The Lateran Treaty was one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. The
agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent
sovereignty to the Holy See; in return, the Pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention
from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties.
• League of Nations An international organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the first World
War. Proposed by President Woodrow Wilson, its goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security,
settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy, and improving global quality of life. The U.S. never joined
the organization.
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• League of Nations An international organization founded as a result
of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I.
From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From...
• Lend-Lease Act Lend-Lease Act was the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the
Soviet Union, China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and 1945. It was signed into law on
March 11, 1941, a year and a half after the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September 1939 but nine months before the
U.S. entered the war in December 1941 however it effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality.
• Luftwaffe The German air force until the end of the Second World War.
• Mao Zedong A Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, anti-imperialist political philosopher, and leader of
the Chinese Revolution (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976). He was the architect and founding father of the People's
Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976.
His theoretical contribution to Marxism–Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known
as Maoism.
• Mukden Incident A staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in 1931 of
northeastern China, known as Manchuria.
• Nanking Massacre The Nanking Massacre, or the Rape of Nanking, was a mass murder and rape that occurred during the sixweek period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China, on
December 13, 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During this period, hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and
disarmed soldiers were murdered by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army and widespread rape and looting also occurred. It
is estimated that 250,000 to 300,000 people were killed.
• Nanking Massacre A massacre of up to 300,000 Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants by the Japanese, executed after
the fall of Nanking during the six weeks following December 13, 1937.
• National Fascist Party An Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism (previously
represented by groups known as Fasci). The party ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943.
• Nazi Party A political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that practiced Nazism. Initially, its political strategy
focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric; however, in the 1930s the party's focus shifted to antiMarxist and anti-Semitic themes.
• Neutrality Acts A number of laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing
turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and noninterventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I and sought to ensure that the US would not become
entangled again in foreign conflicts.
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• nuremberg tribunal The Nuremberg Trials was a series of military
held
theand
Allied
forces
of atWorld
War II, most
From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From...
• Pan-Americanism Pan-Americanism is a movement which, through diplomatic, political, economic and social means, seeks to
create, encourage, and organize relationships, associations, and cooperation between the states of the Americas in common
interests.
• Pearl Harbor A United States Navy deep-water naval base in Hawaii and the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The attack
on it by the Empire of Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, brought the United States into World War II.
• Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War, which took place from July 7, 1937 to September 2, 1945, was a
military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. It was the largest Asian war in the
20th century and it made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, if the 1937–1941 period is taken into account.
• Second Sino-Japanese War A military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from
July 7, 1937 to September 2, 1945, It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century and it made up more than 50% of the
casualties in the Pacific War, if the 1937–1941 period is taken into account.
• Solomon Islands A sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly 1,000 islands. Some of the
most intense fighting of World War II occurred there, particularly the most significant of the Allied Forces' operations against the
Japanese Imperial Forces, which were launched on August 7, 1942, with simultaneous naval bombardments and amphibious
landings on the Florida Islands at Tulagi and Red Beach on Guadalcanal.
• Solomon Islands campaign. A major campaign of the Pacific War of World War II that began with Japanese landings and
occupation of several areas in the British Solomon Islands and Bougainville, in the Territory of New Guinea, during the first six
months of 1942.
• Spirit of Locarno Term used to refer to hope for international peace during the interwar period that came as a result of the
Locarno Treaties. It was demonstrated in Germany's admission to the League of Nations, the international organization
established under the Versailles treaty, to promote world peace and cooperation, and in the subsequent withdrawal of Allied
troops from Germany's western Rhineland.
• Stimson Doctrine A U.S. political doctrine that applied the principle of non-recognition of international territorial changes that
were executed by force (ex injuria jus non oritur). It was introduced in the aftermath of the 1931 Japanese invasion of
Manchuria and named after the Secretary of State in the Hoover administration.
• Third Term The two-term tradition had been an unwritten rule until the 22nd Amendment after Roosevelt's presidency since
George Washington declined to run for a third term, however, in 1940 Roosevelt ran for and was elected to a third term.
Roosevelt's third term was dominated by World War II.
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• torpedo A cylindrical explosive projectile that can travel underwater
isprint,
used
ascopies
a weapon.
From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943: From...
• Tripartite Pact The Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of
World War II. The pact was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany (Adolf Hitler), Fascist Italy (foreign minister Galeazzo
Ciano), and Imperial Japan (Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburo Kurusu).
• Tripartite Pact A treaty signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of World War II.
The pact was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany (Adolf Hitler), Fascist Italy (foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano), and
Imperial Japan (Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburo Kurusu).
• Tulagi A small island in the Solomon Islands, just off the south coast of Florida Island. The Japanese occupied it on May 3,
1942, with the intention of setting up a seaplane base nearby; however, the Japanese ships were raided by planes from the
USS Yorktown the following day in a prelude to the Battle of Coral Sea.
• U-boat Any German submarine of the First or Second World War, or any Austro-Hungarian submarine of the First World War.
• Washington Naval Conference A military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12
November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations.
It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first disarmament conference in history.
• World Disarmament Conference A conference attended by member states of the League of Nations, together with the U.S. and
the Soviet Union, and organized to actualize the ideology of disarmament. It took place in Geneva, with representatives from 60
states, between 1932 and 1934. It failed to achieve its stated goal.
• Young Plan A program for settlement of German reparation debts after World War I, written in 1929 and formally adopted in
1930.
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Marines in Nicaragua
Because of the "Good Neighbor" policy, the U.S. removed its marines from Nicaragua in 1934.
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Wikimedia. "5th Marines in Nicaragua." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5th_Marines_in_Nicaragua.jpg View on Boundless.com
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Steel Mills
Pittsburgh was a primary source of steel and other tools of war, which the US provided as the "arsenal of democracy"
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Wikimedia. "Mill District - Pittsburgh." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mill_District_-_Pittsburgh.jpg View on Boundless.com
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FDR Fireside Chat 16: On the Arsenal of Democracy
This video provides pictures of FDR as well as his fireside chat outlining his plan for the US to be the "arsenal of democracy"
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Signing the Lend-Lease Act
FDR signs the Lend-Lease Act in 1941, marking greater U.S. involvement in WWII
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Wikipedia. "Lend-Lease." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease View on Boundless.com
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Invasion of Manchuria
Japanese troops entering Mukden after the Mukden Incident.
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Wikipedia. "Second Sino-Japanese War." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War View on Boundless.com
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"Good friends in three countries"
A Japanese propaganda poster promoting the Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy.
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Japan Invades
This WWII-era documentary describes the Japanese invasions into China, including the Mukden Incident and the Rape of Nanking.
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Kellogg-Briand Pact Signatories
The dark green states are original signatories to the Pact; light green are states that later signed; light blue are territories of states that had signed; and
dark blue are League of Nations governed territories.
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Wikipedia. "Kellogg-briand pact." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg-briand_pact View on Boundless.com
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Aristide Briand
French prime minister who co-authored the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
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Nanking Massacre
Soldiers from the Japanese army entering Nanking in 1938, as part of Japan's incursion into China during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Wikipedia. "Nanking Massacre." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre View on Boundless.com
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Detroit as the "Arsenal of Democracy"
An inspector in the Chrysler Corporation in Detroit, making the weapons Europe needed to defend itself against Germany.
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Wikimedia. "Chrysler factory 40mm barrel production LOC fsa 8e11025." Public domain
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Weapons for Europe
The Chrysler Corporation in Detroit, manufacturing tanks for European defense.
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Wikimedia. "M3-lee-chrysler-arsenal-2." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M3-lee-chrysler-arsenal-2.jpg View on Boundless.com
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Pearl Harbor
Roosevelt's third term was dominated by WWII, beginning with the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
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Wikipedia. "Attack on Pearl Harbor." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor View on Boundless.com
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December 1939, HMS Achilles as seen from HMS Ajax during the Battle of the River Plate.
December 1939, HMS Achilles as seen from HMS Ajax during the Battle of the River Plate.
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Neutral States
Green: neutral status, recognized by constitutions and international society; pink: neutral status not recognized by international society; orange: formerly
neutral states
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Franco
Head of the Spanish state during World War II, Franco supposedly remained neutral, but favored the Axis powers
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Roosevelt in 1941
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet during Roosevelts third term, in 1941.
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Declaring War
This clip shows FDR declaring war on Japan. World War II dominated FDR's third term in office.
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Frank Kellogg
US Secretary of State who co-authored the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
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Flow of Money, Post WWI
This describes the trap of debt and reparations the world found itself in after WWI.
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Isolationist Sentiments
An anti-war protest sign prior to U.S. entry into WWII, circa 1942.
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Wikipedia. "United States non-interventionism." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism%23NonInterventionism_between_the_World_Wars View on Boundless.com
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Between 1923 and 1925 France and Belgium occupied the German industrial region of the Ruhr. Germans
fervently opposed the occupation.
Protests by gymnasts from the Ruhr at the 1923 Munich Gymnastics Festival. The sign on the left reads "The Ruhr remains German." The right placard
reads "We never want to be vassals." German Federal Archive, 1923.
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Wikipedia. "Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00121_München_Turnfest_Festzug.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
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Battleships being dismantled for scrap in Philadelphia Navy Yard, after the Washington Naval
Treaty imposed limits on capital ships, U.S. Naval Historical Center. Courtesy of the San Francisco Maritime
Museum, San Francisco, California
Scene at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Pennsylvania, December 1923, with guns from scrapped battleships in the foreground. One of these guns is
marked "Kansas", presumably an indication that it came from USS Kansas (BB-21). Ship being dismantled in the backround is USS South Carolina (BB26).
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Wikipedia. "Five-Power Treaty." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Power_Treaty View on Boundless.com
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Failure of the League
One of the primary goals of the League of Nations was disarmament; however, the League proved unsuccessful. Many argued that the League failed
because it lacked the support of the United States.
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Wikipedia. "The Gap in the Bridge." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gap_in_the_Bridge.gif View on Boundless.com
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Henry Stimson in 1929; photo by Harris & Ewing.
Stimson was U.S. Secretary of State in the Hoover Administration, who proposed a doctrine based on the principle of non-recognition of international
changes resulting from the use of force.
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Wikipedia. "Stimson Doctrine." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine View on Boundless.com
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Senator Gerald Nye
Head of the Nye Committee, which eventually led to the Neutrality Acts in the late 1930s.
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Overview of the mass roll call of SA, SS, and NSKK troops. Nuremberg, November 9, 1935. (National
Archives Gift Collection)
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Wikipedia. "Nazi Germany." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany View on Boundless.com
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Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Munich, Germany, ca. 1940, Part of Eva Braun's Photo Albums, ca. 1913
- ca. 1944, seized by the U.S. government.
Mussolini and Hitler in 1940. Under their leadership, Italy and Germany turned into fascist dictatorships.
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Wikipedia. "Axis powers." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers%23Italy View on Boundless.com
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German forces, June 1943
The classic characteristic of "blitzkrieg" is a highly-mobile form of infantry and armor working in combined arms teams.
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German armed forces in Russia, June 1942
The classic characteristic of what is commonly known as "blitzkrieg" is a highly mobile form of infantry and armor, working in combined arms.
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Wikipedia. "Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-218-0504-36_Russland-Süd_Panzer_III_Schützenpanzer_23.Pz.Div..jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0
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WWII in Europe
Animation of the WWII European Theater.
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Wikimedia. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Second_world_war_europe_animation_small.gif View on Boundless.com
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Japanese Occupation - Map
Map showing the extent of Japanese control (purple) in 1940.
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Wikimedia. Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Japanese_Occupation_-_Map.jpg View on Boundless.com
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A map of the Japanese advance from 1937 to 1942.
A map of the Japanese advance from 1937 to 1942.
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Children waving German, Italian, and Japanese flags of 1938.
A Japanese propaganda poster for the Tripartite Pact: "Good friends in three countries". (left Adolf Hitler, center Fumimaro Konoe, right Benito Mussolini)
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Wikipedia. "1938 Naka yoshi sangoku." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg View on Boundless.com
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Battle of the Coral Sea, May 6-8, 1942
Animated map of the battle of the Coral Sea.
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Pacific Theater Areas
Japanese control of the western Pacific area between May and August 1942. Guadalcanal is located in the lower right center of the map.
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Wikimedia. Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Pacific_Theater_Areas;map1.JPG View on Boundless.com
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Battleship USS California sinking, December 7, 1941, National Archives and Records Administration
The U.S. Navy battleship USS California (BB-44) slowly sinking alongside Ford Island, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (USA), as a result of bomb and torpedo
damage, December 7, 1941. The destroyer USS Shaw (DD-373) is burning in the floating dry dock YFD-2 in the left distance. The battleship USS
Nevada (BB-36) is beached in the left-center distance.
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Collage of the Battle of Midway
Top Left: Two Mitsubishi A6M2a Zero of the Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation in China (26 May 1941). Top Right: The Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu
burning and sinking the morning after being bombed by U.S. aircraft during the Battle of Midway on 5 June 1942. Bottom Left: US aircraft carrier USS
Yorktown (CV-5) burning after first Japanese aircraft attack at Midway. Bottom Right: Flight deck of USS Hornet (CV-8) on the morning of 4 June 1942.
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Attribution
• Wiktionary. "torpedo." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torpedo
• Wiktionary. "U-boat." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/U-boat
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• Wikipedia. "Battle of the Atlantic." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//u-s-history/definition/international-conference-ofamerican-states
• Wikipedia. "Pan-Americanism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Americanism
• Wikipedia. "Good Neighbor policy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy
• Wikipedia. "Arsenal of Democracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal%20of%20Democracy
• Wikipedia. "Arsenal of Democracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy
• Wikipedia. "American Neutrality Act." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Neutrality%20Act
• Wikipedia. "Lateran Treaty." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran%20Treaty
• Wiktionary. "Holy See." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Holy+See
• Wikipedia. "Spain in World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_in_World_War_II
• Wikipedia. "Neutral Powers." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Powers
• Wikipedia. "World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II%23Axis_advances
• Wikipedia. "Japanese invasion of Manchuria." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria
• Wikipedia. "Mukden Incident." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident
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• Wikipedia. "Nanking Massacre." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre
• Wikipedia. "Chiang Kai-Shek." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang%20Kai-Shek
• Wikipedia. "Mao Zedong." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao%20Zedong
• Wikipedia. "Second Sino-Japanese War." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Sino-Japanese%20War
• Wikipedia. "Empire of Japan." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Treaty of Versailles." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#United_States
• Wikipedia. "Good Neighbor policy." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy
• Wiktionary. "League of Nations." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations
• Wikipedia. "Kellogg-Briand Pact." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg-Briand%20Pact
• Wikipedia. "United States non-interventionism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_noninterventionism%23Non-Interventionism_between_the_World_Wars
• Wikipedia. "nuremberg tribunal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nuremberg%20tribunal
• Wikipedia. "international law." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/international%20law
• Wikipedia. "Kellogg-Briand Pact." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg-Briand%20Pact
• Wikipedia. "Kellogg-Briand Pact." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg-Briand_Pact
• Wikipedia. "Tripartite Pact." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite%20Pact
• Wikipedia. "Axis Expansion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis%20Expansion
• Wikipedia. "World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II%23Axis_advances
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• Wikipedia. "Nine-Power Treaty." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-Power_Treaty
• Wikipedia. "Kellogg–Briand Pact." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact
• Wikipedia. "Four-Power Treaty." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-Power_Treaty
• Wikipedia. "Washington Naval Treaty." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty
• Wikipedia. "Open Door Policy." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Door_Policy
• Wikipedia. "Treaty of Versailles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Versailles
• Wiktionary. "League of Nations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/League+of+Nations
• Wikipedia. "World Disarmament Conference." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference
• Wikipedia. "Washington Naval Conference." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference
• Wikipedia. "Locarno Treaties." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Treaties
• Wikipedia. "Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Weimar Republic." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic
• Wikipedia. "Occupation of the Ruhr." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr
• Wikipedia. "Dawes Plan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes%20Plan
• Wikipedia. "Young Plan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20Plan
• Wikipedia. "Treaty of Versailles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Versailles
• Wikipedia. "Causes of World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Aftermath of World War I." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Battle of Shanghai." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Shanghai
• Wikipedia. "Nanking Massacre." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking%20Massacre
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• Wikipedia. "Second Sino-Japanese War." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War
• Wikipedia. "Marco Polo Bridge Incident." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident
• Wikipedia. "Mukden Incident." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident
• Wikipedia. "Empire of Japan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan%23Prewar_expansionism
• Wikipedia. "Lend-Lease." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease
• Wikipedia. "Conservatism in the United States." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States
• Wikipedia. "United States presidential election, 1940." CC BY-SA 3.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940
• Wikipedia. "Arsenal of Democracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy
• Wikipedia. "America First Committee." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_Committee
• Wikipedia. "Neutrality Acts of the 1930s." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s
• Wikipedia. "Cash and Carry." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)
• Wikipedia. "United States non-interventionism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_noninterventionism%23Non-interventionism_shortly_before_WWII
• Wikipedia. "Stimson Doctrine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine
• Wikipedia. "Volksgemeinschaft." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft
• Wikipedia. "Economy of Nazi Germany." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany
• Wikipedia. "Winterhilfswerk." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterhilfswerk
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• Wikipedia. "Kingdom of Italy." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy
• Wikipedia. "Nazi Germany." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany
• Wikipedia. "Nazi Party." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi%20Party
• Wikipedia. "World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
• Wikipedia. "Invasion of Poland." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland
• Wikipedia. "Blitzkrieg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg
• Wikibooks. "US History/World War II and Rise of Atomic Age." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Third Term." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20Term
• Wikipedia. "FDR." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDR%23Third_term.2C_1941.E2.80.931945
• Wikipedia. "Cash and Carry." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash%20and%20Carry
• Wikipedia. "Destroyers for Bases." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyers%20for%20Bases
• Wikipedia. "Lend-Lease Act." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease%20Act
• Wikipedia. "Cash and carry (World War II)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)
• Wikipedia. "Destroyers for Bases Agreement." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement
• Wikipedia. "Neutrality Acts of 1930s." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s
• Wikipedia. "Military history of the United States during World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Lend-Lease program." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease_program
• Wikipedia. "Internment of Japanese Americans." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Tripartite Pact." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite%20Pact
• Wikipedia. "Attack on Pearl Harbor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor
• Wikipedia. "Europe first." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_first
• Wikipedia. "Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wiktionary. "Military strategy." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy#British
• Wiktionary. "Battle of Britain." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Battle+of+Britain
• Wikipedia. "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II
• Wikipedia. "Western Front (World War II)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)
• Wikipedia. "Eastern Front (World War II)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)
• Wikipedia. "European Theatre of World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II
• Wikipedia. "Military history of the United States during World War II." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Solomon Islands campaign." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign
• Wikipedia. "Guadalcanal Campaign." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal%20Campaign
• Wikipedia. "Battle of the Coral Sea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea
• Wikipedia. "Battle of Midway." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway
• Wikipedia. "Pacific War." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Guadalcanal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal
• Wikipedia. "Solomon Islands." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%20Islands
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• Wikipedia. "Tulagi." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulagi
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• Wikipedia. "Guadalcanal Campaign." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign
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