Transcript WW II - West Point High School

Rise of
Fascism,
German
Aggression
&
Appeasement
Dictators Threaten Peace
• Peace after WWI brought
economic despair
• Led to rise of aggressive
dictators fueled by intense
nationalism & aggressive
expansionism
• Treaty of Versailles caused
anger & resentment
among many Germans
• Italy: high unemployment, inflation, strikes,
inefficient transportation & shipping
• Mussolini rose to power, great orator
• Mussolini created Fascist Party: nationalism over
individualism
• 1922 Mussolini &
Black Shirts marched
on Rome & King
appointed Mussolini
to lead
• Eventually took title
of Il Duce & created a
totalitarian state
http://italianhistory.info/blackshirts.jpg
• Hitler followed Mussolini’s path to leadership
• Fought in WWI, unemployed & joined National
Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)
• Hitler’s book Mein Kampf outlined basic beliefs of
Nazism
• Extreme nationalism
uniting all German
speaking peoples
• Racial purification &
master race (Aryan)
• Inferior races were fit
only to serve Aryans
(Jews, Slavs, nonwhites)
• Expansionism:
lebensraum
http://www.bideford.devon.sch.uk/history/history_images/lebensraum_map.gif
http://www.gold-eagle.com/editorials_02/images/wallybently100802a.gif
• Inflation skyrocketed in
Germany
• Many unemployed men
joined his private army
(brown shirts)
• 1933 Hitler named
chancellor & w/in 1 yr
suspended all civil rights &
dismantled Weimar
Republic
• Established the Third
Reich
• Hitler built up military in
direct violation of Treaty
of Versailles
• Mussolini invaded
Ethiopia
• Each act of aggression
was only met w/ verbal
condemnation or
attempted economic
boycotts
• Nations practiced
appeasement
http://www.warchat.org/pictures/second_italo-abyssinian_war_19351936_war_map.jpg
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• 1930s Japan invaded
Manchurian (2x size of
Texas)
• Success put militants
in control of Japan
(Hideki Tojo)
• League of Nations
failed to take
aggressive action
• Japan & Germany
pulled out of League
• Stalin (man of steel)
took over after Lenin
(1924)
• Created collectives &
gov’t controlled
factories
• Great Purge (loss of 8 –
13 million),
totalitarianism
• USSR became a leading
industrial power but an
agricultural failure
• US practiced isolationism, passed Neutrality Acts
• Roosevelt found ways around neutrality acts
• Sent war materials to China, embargo against Japan
• Spoke out against isolationism
(1937): called for nations to
“quarantine” aggressive
nations
“Lending a garden hose to a
next-door neighbor whose
house is on fire””
War Begins in Europe
• Hitler met w/ advisors in Nov 1937 & proposed
taking Austria & Czech.
• 1938 marched into Austria (anschluss)
• Munich Conference
(Sep): Hitler promised
Sudetenland was last
demand
• March 1939 Hitler
took rest of Czech.
• Nazi-Soviet Pact
avoids 2 front war &
divide up Poland
• Hitler invades Poland Sep.
1939 & launches blitzkrieg
(lufftwaffe, tanks)
• Poland ceases to exist in 3
weeks
• France & Britain declare
war but too late to help
Poland
• Phony war lasted until April
then renews blitzkrieg
• overruns Denmark &
Norway (needed bases to
attack Britain)
http://archiv.radio.cz/pictures/valka1.jpg
• By May, Germany had overrun Belgium, Lux.,
Netherlands
• Fr & British sitting behind Maginot Line
• Hitler went through
Belgium & “impassable
Ardennes forest”
(Maginot line
ineffective)
• Ger. Pushed Brit & Fr
back to Dunkirk (miracle
at Dunkirk)
• Italy declares war & invades southern France
• France: gov’t in exile led by De Gaulle
http://www.oorlogsmusea.nl/upload/4119090516015124.jpg
• Hitler plans invasion of Britain but had weak navy
• Attacked Britain through the air (Battle of Britain)
• 2,000 planes dropped bombs night after night
during the summer of 1940
• Eventually called
off the attack in Sep.
• Air power alone
can’t win modern
wars
Holocaust
• April 1933: Hitler ordered
removal of all non-Aryans
from gov’t jobs
• Many Germans looked for
a scapegoat for economic
problems
• 1935 passed Nuremberg
laws: systematic stripping
of Jewish citizenship
(jobs, property, economic,
social, legal restrictions)
http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/4acdf9a16c56f9ddb3f5a77143fa9d51.jpg
• Nov. 1938, Kristallnacht: Nazi storm troopers attacked
Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues (30,000
arrested)
• Jews fled but found few countries accepting them as
refugees (US accepted 100,000 but widespread antiSemitism & fear during Great Depression)
http://www.cympm.com/kristl1.gif
• 1939 only ¼ million
Jews left in Germany
but occupied territory
had millions
• Hitler proposed “Final
Solution” – genocide
• Preservation of master
race
• Began in Poland w/ SS rounding up Jews & shooting
them on the spot
• Forced into ghettos & eventually pushed into
concentration camps
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/nazi-germany-conquers-france-39.jpg
• Hunger, humiliation,
work
• Crammed wooden
barracks
• 1942 plan included gassing (6 death camps in
Poland)
• Up to 12,000 a day
• Separated on arrival for
immediate death
• Wanted to get rid of
evidence & turned to
crematoriums
• Medical experiments
• Over 6 million died in
the camps
http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/camp_children1.jpg
Pastor First they came for the Jews
and I did not speak out
because I was not a Jew.
Then they came for the Communists
and I did not speak out
because I was not a Communist.
Then they came for the trade unionists
and I did not speak out
because I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for me
and there was no one left
to speak out for me.
http://www.flamesofwar.com/Portals/0/all_images/Otherpics/BC-WWII-Map.jpg
WW II
Isolation to Involvement
• US remained neutral
during 1st 2 yrs
• 1939 Roosevelt &
Congress passed “cash
& carry” (help Fr & Br
defeat Hitler & keep
US out of war)
• Sent 50 destroyers for
bases in Caribbean
• 500,000 rifles, 80,000
machine guns
• Sep. 1940 RomeBerlin-Tokyo Axis
• 1st peacetime
military draft
• Roosevelt reelected to 3rd term
• Britain running out
of cash, US passes
Lend-Lease Act
• FDR uses garden
hose analogy
• Germany: plan to
defeat USSR quickly,
get oil fields, & force
Britain out w/ air
campaign & submarine
blockades before US
industrial strength took
over
• When Hitler invaded
USSR, US sent supplies
to USSR (“the enemy of
my enemy is my
friend”)
• Ger wolf packs attacked shipping, US used sonar,
airplanes
• Roosevelt allowed Navy to “shoot on sight”
• Roosevelt & Churchill met secretly, signed Atlantic
Charter: Security, disarmament, self-determination,
freedom of the seas, economic cooperation
• Japan took Manchuria & began taking European
colonies; Japan moved south into Indochina & US cut
off trade
• Peace talks lasted a month & then Dec. 7, 1941
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (planned to invade
Philippines, Indonesia, and then Australia & Hawaii)
• “A date which will live in infamy”
• 5 million men
volunteered & another
10 million called up
• Military expanded by
forming WAAC, became
nurses, ambulance
drivers, radio operators,
electricians, pilots
(350,000)
• Factories transformed,
shipyards expanded, 6
million women added
• 2 million minorities hired but still faced discrimination
• A. Randolph organized march on Washington & met
w/ Roosevelt
• Roosevelt issued executive order for industries to
allow all workers in defense industries w/o
discrimination
• Roosevelt brought
scientists together
(radar, sonar,
pesticides, penicillin,
atomic bomb)
• Fewer consumer
products available,
OPA created to
control prices, issued
rationing books
• Raised income taxes,
encouraged war
bonds
• Churchill & Roosevelt met; decided to defeat Hitler 1st
• Battle of the Atlantic: Ger U-boats disrupted supply
lines but US factories & technology were better
• Stalingrad (Aug 1942): Ger invaded & took 9/10 of
city before winter, Soviets able to surround city, cut
off supply
• Ger defeat (Jan
1943) turned tide
in east, USSR goes
on offensive
• Stalin pressured
allies to open
another front
• Operation Torch: invasion of Africa
• El Alamein: Germans
wanted Suez Canal,
defeated by British
(prevented Ger from
getting oil supplies &
attacking USSR from
south)
• Staging ground for Italy
invasion, captured Sicily
in summer of ‘43
• King stripped Mussolini
of power, arrested; Hitler
invaded Italy
• Despite discrimination Mexican, African, Asian &
Native American signed up
• African Americans were segregated & limited
mostly to non-combat roles
• Tuskegee Airmen served in Europe & used airstrikes
in Italy to help push back Ger.
• Buffaloes: over 200 combat service awards
• Japanese Americans (Nisei): most decorated unit in
US history
• Navajos used for communication codes b/c it was
an oral language & impossible for Japanese to break
• Operation Overlord (Eisenhower): 3 mil troops,
created phantom army & HQ, misinformation
• D-Day (Normandy): June 6, 1944 allied troops
parachuted behind lines, thousands stormed
beaches w/ heavy casualties
• liberation of Europe began, by August Patton had
reached Paris, by Sep France liberated
• Oct 1944 1st German
town captured
• Hitler responded w/ last
offensive (Battle of the
Bulge)
• Soviets advancing into
Poland & liberating
camps
• Hitler killed himself in
April in May allies
celebrated victory in
Europe
War in Asia
• Japan invaded Philippines & Indonesia
• MacArthur defeated but pledged “I shall return”
• Japan wanted Australia & Hawaii hoping US would
accept it rather than fight a bloody & costly war
• Coral Sea: 5 day battle, all aircraft, 1st stop of
Japanese
• Midway: US broke code & new Midway was next
Japanese target
• Admiral Nimitz located Japanese fleet & bombed
them before many planes got off deck
• US on offensive & began island hopping campaign
• Guadalcanal (Aug 1942):
19,000 troops for 6
months, 1st Japanese land
defeat
• By Oct 1944 MacArthur
landed back in Philippines
• Japanese used kamikaze
pilots
• Iwo Jima & Okinawa taken
in 1945: demonstrated
will of Japanese to fight to
the death (over 130,000
Japanese soldiers)
• Battles opened way for invasion; estimated more
than a million lives would be lost
• Manhattan project a success w/ test (July 1945)
• Truman ordered
use on Hiroshima &
Nagasaki
• Japan
surrendered soon
after avoiding a US
led invasion
Aftermath
• Yalta (Feb. 1945): Big 3 met, Stalin wanted Ger
punished & divided, Roosevelt the mediator
• Stalin promised
elections, agreed to
help vs. Japan, &
international
conference to form UN
• Nuremberg Trials: crimes against humanity, peace,
war crimes (12 sentenced to death); individuals can
be held responsible regardless of orders
• Geneva Convention: ensure humane treatment of
prisoners of war by establishing rules
• Bataan Death March – US POWs suffered brutally
after they surrendered the Philippines
• Japan occupied, many leaders charged & sentenced
w/ crimes
• Prisoners in Europe normally treated better
• US emerged as dominant
world power
• Unemployment fell to
1%, weekly pay rose
10%, farm income tripled
• Mass migration from
south (over million left)
• Congress passed GI Bill
(education & mortgages)
• Anti-Japanese sentiment grew w/ media reports
• 1942 Roosevelt signed an order to remove Japanese
Americans from west coast & place them in
relocation centers
• Supreme Court
upheld the act
• Public apology
was eventually
given & reparations
in 1990
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