Transcript Totalitarianism - davis.k12.ut.us

Totalitarianism
a political system in which the state
holds total authority over the society
and seeks to control all aspects of
public and private life wherever
possible.
Anti-Semetic
• a person who discriminates against or is
prejudiced or hostile toward Jews.
Appeasement
• the policy of making concessions to the
dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict,
governed Anglo-French foreign policy during
the 1930s. Let Hitler dominate Europe. Giving
in to a Bully.
• “Our Government is much more afraid of
Communism than it is of Fascism.”
• British journalist John Langdon-Davies, 1936
Anschluss
• was the annexation of Austria by Nazi
Germany in March 1938
Blitzkrieg
• A German term for “lightning war,” blitzkrieg
is a military tactic designed to create
disorganization among enemy forces through
the use of mobile forces and locally
concentrated firepower. Relies on Armor and
Airpower.
Lend-Lease Act
• passed in March 1941, the Lend-Lease Act was
the principal means for providing U.S. military
aid to foreign nations during World War II. It
authorized the president to transfer arms or
any other defense materials for which
Congress appropriated money to “the
government of any country whose defense the
President deems vital to the defense of the
United States.” Included Great Britain, The
Soviet Union and China
Axis
• on September 27, 1940, Germany, Italy, and
Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, which
became known as the Axis alliance. Also
included Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria
Allies
• Allies (U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union,
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China,
Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia).
Neutrality Act of 1939
• After a fierce debate in Congress, in
November of 1939, a final Neutrality Act
passed. This Act lifted the arms embargo and
put all trade with belligerent nations under
the terms of “cash-and-carry.” The ban on
loans remained in effect, and American ships
were barred from transporting goods to
belligerent ports.
Bataan Death March
• The American and Filipino forces fought from an
untenable position until formally surrendering to the
Japanese on April 9. The Japanese immediately began
to march some 76,000 prisoners (12,000 Americans,
the remainder Filipinos) northward into captivity along
a route of death.
• Japanese butchery, disease, exposure to the blazing
sun, lack of food, and lack of water took the lives of
approximately 5,200 Americans along the way. Many
prisoners were bayoneted, shot, beheaded or just left
to die on the side of the road.
Third Reich
• Both inside and outside Germany, the term
“Third Reich” was often used to describe the
Nazi regime in Germany from January 30,
1933, to May 8, 1945
Fascism
• a political philosophy, movement, or regime
that exalts nation and often race above the
individual and that stands for a centralized
autocratic government headed by a dictatorial
leader, severe economic and social
regimentation, and forcible suppression of
opposition. Germany and Italy during WW2
Joseph Stalin
• “The man of Steel” ruled the Soviet Union for
more than two decades, instituting a reign of
terror while modernizing Russia. Stalin forced
rapid industrialization and the collectivization
of agricultural land, resulting in millions dying
from famine while others were sent to camps.
His Red Army helped defeat Nazi Germany
during WWII.
Benito Mussolini
• was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader
of the National Fascist Party, ruling the
country as Prime Minister and then Dictator
from 1922-1943. Known as Il Duce ("the
leader"), Mussolini was one of the key figures
in the creation of fascism
Winston Churchill
• was a British politician who was the Prime
Minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945
and again from 1951 to 1955. Widely regarded
as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the
20th century,
Douglas MacArthur
• Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) was an
American general who commanded the
Southwest Pacific in World War II (1939-1945),
oversaw the successful Allied occupation of
postwar Japan and led United Nations forces
in the Korean War (1950-1953).
Hideki Tojo
• soldier and statesman who was prime minister
of Japan (1941–44) during most of the Pacific
theatre portion of World War II and who was
subsequently tried and executed for war
crimes. Nickname: The Razor
Tuskegee Airmen
• group of African American military pilots
(fighter and bomber) trained at the Tuskegee
Institute in Alabama who fought in World War
II. first African-American military aviators in
the United States Armed Forces. Fought
Segregation through their excellent service.
Rationing
• The government found it necessary to ration
food, gas, and even clothing from 1942 until
1946. A system of Stamps was used to control
how much Americans consumed.
Internment
• Two months after the Japanese bombing of
Pearl Harbor, U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066
ordering all Japanese-Americans to evacuate
the West Coast. This resulted in the relocation
of approximately 120,000 people, many of
whom were American citizens, to one of 10
internment camps located across the country.
Bracero Program
• (named for the Spanish term bracero,
meaning "manual laborer" ["one who works
using his arms"] was a series of laws and
diplomatic agreements, between the United
States and Mexico for the importation of
temporary contract laborers from Mexico to
the United States during the war years.
D-Day
• June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, when
some 156,000 American, British and Canadian
forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile
stretch of the heavily fortified coast of
France’s Normandy region. The invasion was
one of the largest amphibious military assaults
in history and required extensive planning.
5,000 Allied Ships 13,000 Aircraft. 4,000
Casualties (2,000 on Omaha Beach)
Manhattan Project
• The Manhattan Project was a research and
development project that produced the first
atomic bombs during World War II. It was led
by the United States with the support of the
United Kingdom and Canada. Cost 2 Billion
Dollars (25 Billion in 2015 $)
Kristallnacht
• Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often
referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass." The
name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish
pogroms which took place on November 9 and
10, 1938, throughout Germany. The rioters
destroyed 267 synagogues, and SA
(Stormtroopers)and Hitler Youth members across
the country shattered the shop windows of an
estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned commercial
establishments, and looted their shops
Genocide
• the deliberate killing of a large group of
people, especially those of a particular ethnic
group or nation.
• Examples: Armenia (Turks kill 600,000 in 1915)
• Holocaust (Germans kill 11 million. 5 million
Jews 6 million Poles, Russians, Roma,
Homosexuals, Communists)
• Rwanda (800,000 Tutsi killed by Hutu)
United Nations
• The United Nations is an international
organization founded in 1945 after the Second
World War by 51 countries committed to
maintaining international peace and security,
developing friendly relations among nations
and promoting social progress, better living
standards and human rights.
Geneva Conventions
• The Geneva Conventions comprise four
treaties, that establish the standards of
international law for the humanitarian
treatment of war. The Geneva Conventions
extensively defined the basic rights of wartime
prisoners (civilians and military); established
protections for the wounded; and established
protections for the civilians in and around a
war-zone.
Nuremburg Trials
• Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war
criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were
a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg,
Germany, between 1945 and 1949. The
defendants, who included Nazi Party officials
and high-ranking military officers along with
German industrialists, lawyers and doctors,
were indicted on such charges as crimes
against peace and crimes against humanity.
V-J Day
• On August 14, 1945, it was announced that
Japan had surrendered unconditionally to the
Allies, effectively ending World War II. Since
then, both August 14 and August 15 have
been known as “Victoryover Japan Day,” or
simply “V-J Day.”
Normandy Beaches
• The target 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the
Normandy coast was divided into five sectors:
Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword Beach.
Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their
intended positions, particularly at Utah and
Omaha. The men landed under heavy fire from
gun emplacements overlooking the beaches,
and the shore was mined and covered with
obstacles such as wooden stakes, metal tripods,
and barbed wire, making the work of the beach
clearing teams difficult and dangerous. Casualties
were heaviest at Omaha, with its high cliffs.
Nagasaki and Hiroshima
• In August 1945, during the final stage of the
Second World War, the United States dropped
atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The two bombings,
which killed at least 129,000 people, remain
the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in
history.
Island Hopping
• Leapfrogging, or Island-Hopping, was a
military strategy employed by the Allies in the
Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers
during World War II. The idea was to bypass
heavily fortified Japanese positions and
instead concentrate the limited Allied
resources on strategically important islands
that were not well defended but capable of
supporting the drive to the main islands of
Japan
Hitler’s Final Solution
• The Nazis frequently used euphemistic
language to disguise the true nature of their
crimes. They used the term “Final Solution” to
refer to their plan to annihilate the Jewish
people. It is not known when the leaders of
Nazi Germany definitively decided to
implement the "Final Solution." The genocide,
or mass destruction, of the Jews was the
culmination of a decade of increasingly severe
discriminatory measures.
George S. Patton
• was a United States Army general, who
commanded the Seventh United States Army
in the Mediterranean and European Theaters
of World War II, but is best known for his
leadership of the Third United States Army in
France and Germany following the Allied
invasion of Normandy. He led the relief of
beleaguered U.S. troops at Bastogne during
the Battle of the Bulge, and advanced his
army into Nazi Germany by the end of the war.
Patton.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
• He was a five-star general in the United States
Army during World War II and served as Supreme
Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he
had responsibility for planning and supervising
the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in
1942–43 and the successful invasion of France
and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western
Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme
commander of NATO. He was the last U.S.
President to have been born in the 19th century.
Dwight D Eisenhower
• President from 1953-1961
Harry S. Truman
• was the 33rd President of the United States
(1945–53). As the final running mate of President
Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded
to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when
Roosevelt died after months of declining health.
Made decision to use Atomic bomb. Under
Truman, the Allies successfully concluded World
War II; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions
with the Soviet Union increased, marking the
start of the Cold War.
Truman
J. Robert Oppenheimer
• was an American theoretical physicist and
professor of physics at the University of
California, Berkeley. He is among the persons
who are often called the "father of the atomic
bomb" for their role in the Manhattan Project,
the World War II project that developed the first
nuclear weapons. The first atomic bomb was
detonated on July 16, 1945, in the Trinity test in
New Mexico; Oppenheimer remarked later that it
brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita:
"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of
worlds.
Oppenheimer