Transcript wwii-2013

The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
• League of Nations
– U.S. Senate did not approve U.S. participation
– League did not prove effective. Why?
• U.S. isolationism between WWI and WWII, declining
British power, and a Russia crippled by its own
revolution left power vacuum.
• In 1930s, Germany and Japan stepped into the
vacuum
– Aggressive expansionism
– Led to WWII
Diplomatic reality of the 1920s, Part I
• What is the state of the balance of power in the
1920s?
• New states in eastern and central Europe
– Finland, Baltics, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Poland.
Lacking power. Why?
• Weimar Germany and others: Seek revision of
Versailles
• Soviets:
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Civil War and Allied participation
Dominance of Bolsheviks
Absorption of Belarus, Caucasus, and Ukraine
Comintern
Diplomatic reality of the 1920s, Part II
• Britain:
– Empire at its largest, but weakening. Why?
– Dominions gain foreign policy independence in
1926
– Irish Free State founded in 1921
• Japan: Sphere of influence in Pacific solidified
– Korea, Taiwan, Chinese territories
• European imperial possessions in Africa and
Asia begin to awake
League of Nations
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Geneva, Switzerland
Non-members: United States, USSR, Germany
Weak powers of collective security
Some minor arbitration victories
Alliances
• France seeks alliances to keep Germany down
– Belgium
• Cordon sanitaire
– Hem-in USSR expansionism and contain Germany
– France allies with Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Romania, and Yugoslavia
– Bickering prevents cooperation
– Poland clashes with Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, and
Germany
Troubles
• Soviet-Polish War (1920-21)
• Greek-Turkish War
– Mustapha Kemal (Ataturk) rejects Treaty of Sevres
- Attacks Greeks in Anatolia
– Turkish straits demilitarized- Kurdish autonomy
rejected
– Ethnic cleansing and population transfers
Treaties and crises
• Gustav Stresemann: German Foreign Minister
– Peaceful revision of Paris settlement
– Reconcile with France
– Restore Germany to Great Power status
• Treaty of Rapallo (1922) – Germany and USSR:
– Renounce mutual claims, encourage trade, illegal military
cooperation
• Ruhr crisis
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France and Belgium invade Ruhr
Hyperinflation
France evacuates by 1925
France becomes defensive (Maginot line)
• Dawes Plan: US loans to Germany, regularize
reparations
Gustav Stresemann:
German Foreign Minister – 1923-29
Locarno Treaties
• Stresemann and Briand: 16 October 1925
– Rhineland Pact: Germany, France, Belgium
recognize borders
– Britain and Italy guaranteed settlement
– Ominously, Germany’s eastern borders not
guaranteed
• “Spirit of Locarno”
– Germany joins League in 1926
• Stresemann dies in 1929 at age of 51
Peace Efforts in the 1920s
• Naval agreements:
– 1921-22 Washington Conference
– 1930 London Conference
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
– US Secretary of State and French F.M. Aristide Briand
– Signatories renounce war as toll of foreign policy
– 62 states sign—How’d that work out?
• Geneva Convention (1929)
• World Disarmament Conference (1932-1934)
– Breaks up
The Rise of Dictatorships
– Soviet Union: Murderous rise of
Bolsheviks
– Italy: Dissatisfaction with treaty results,
liberal institutions & constitutional
monarchy
– Germany: Hatred of Versailles Treaty,
reparations, economic dissatisfaction
– Japan: Unhappiness with international
position vis-à-vis the West, desire for
resources, growth of military state
Fascism
• Hostile to democracy,
communism, socialism
• Concentrates on extreme
nationalism, service to state
–Sometimes racism
–Militarism & show
Mussolini
• Blackshirts
• March on Rome = Prime Minister
• Fascist state =
–One party
–Militarist
–Not really racist
Italy After Great War
• Italians: Slighted after Paris Peace
– WWI losses high; economy poor
• Mussolini’s Empire
– Promised national glory
– March on Rome
– Invade Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 1935-36
– Modern weapons: Tanks, gas
– 250K Ethiopians killed, 2K Italians
– League of Nations rejection, Italy leaves
Stalin (1924-1953)
• Georgian, “Man of steel”
• Socialism in one country
• Eliminated all rivals by 1928
• Greatest criminal in history
Stalin’s rule (1928-1938)
• Five-Year Plan
–Replaces NEP, Central planning
• Collectivization
–Kulaks
–Up to 10 million killed or starved
• Great Purge, 1935-38
–2/3rds Central Committee, ½ army
officers gone
–At least 8 million in labor camps, 3
million dead
The Empire of the Sun
The Rise of Imperial Japan
Economic Modernization and Imperialism
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Raw materials essential for modernization.
Manchuria (1931)
League condemns Japan, Japan leaves
Military/naval powers overwhelm civilian
politicians. Military controlled all
government > 1936
• Invade China (1937)
• Fear economic, military encirclement by
ABCD Powers
National Socialist
Germany
• Depression hits Germany hard
• Nazis gain in elections in 1930-32
• Hitler in power 1933
– Reject Versailles Treaty injustices
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National self-determination
Reparations
Military restrictions
Nazis: Blame Jews, Reds, Libs
Lebensraum
Push out Jews
Antipathy for USSR
Seek alliance with UK
• International reaction: Neutral
Hitler strikes back
• Withdraws from League and Disarmament talks
(1933)
• German-Polish Pact (1934)
• Stresa Front: UK, France, Italy
• Alliances:
– Rome-Berlin Axis (Oct 1936)
– Anti-Comintern Pact (Nov 1936)
• Overcome Versailles
– Rebuilds military, air force (Draft (1935))
• Anglo-German Naval Treaty
– Remilitarize Rhineland (1936)
– Anschluβ: Annex Austria (Mar 1938)
Responses and Appeasement
• USSR changes policy
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Enter League in 1934
US recognizes USSR in 1933
Signs Pact with France in 1935
Turn to “Popular Front” policies
• Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
– Italy and Germany support Franco’s nationalists
– Soviets and communists support the “Loyalists”
– Franco wins in 1939
• UK follows appeasement policy
– France does nothing and cowers behind the Maginot Line
Sudeten Crisis
• Sudetenland a crescent in Czechoslovakia containing 3.5
million Germans
• Czechoslovakia refuses demands in Sept 1938
• Chamberlain: UK will not go to war “because of quarrel in a
faraway country between people of whom we know nothing.”
• Summit in Munich on 29 September 1938
– Hitler, Chamberlain, Mussolini, and Daladier
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“Peace in our time…”
Czechoslovakia not consulted
March 1939: Germany occupies rest of Czechoslovakia
UK and France issue guarantees to Poland
Churchill: “Appeasement is akin to waiting to be eaten last”
Nazi-Soviet Pact
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Greatest proof of realist theory
Von Ribbentrop negotiates in Moscow
Officially a non-aggression pact
Secret appendix: Division of Central and
Eastern Europe
• Poland and Baltic states wiped off map
• USSR denies existence of appendix until late
1980s
• Significance?
War!
• Poland divided Sept-Oct 1939
• Stalin annexes Baltics in 1940
– Winter War with Finland 1939-1940
– USSR expelled from League (oh, my!)
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Phony War/Sitzkrieg 1939-1940
April 1940: Denmark and Norway fall
May-June 1940: France, Belgium, Netherlands
Battle of Britain/’Blitz’: Fall 1940
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
France at Home
• The terms of the 1940 Armistice allowed the
Germans to occupy more than half of France.
• In Southern France, Petain set up a dictatorial regime
based in Vichy. Many conservatives viewed this as a
positive thing.
• Some French men and women fled to Britain after the
occupation, organizing the French National
Committee of Liberation, or “Free French,” to resist
the occupation and the collaborators. However, large
scale resistance did not begin until 1944.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Great Britain
• May 22, 1940, Parliament gave the government
emergency powers, allowing them to institute a draft,
rationing and economic controls.
• By 1941, Britain’s production had surpassed
Germany’s.
• The “blitz” bombings in 1940–41 were the most
immediate experience of the war for most Britons.
By the end of the war 30,000 were killed.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Diplomatic moves
• September 1940: Tri-partite Pact
– Germany, Italy, and Japan (Axis)
• US begins lend-lease deliveries March 1941
– 50 US destroyers for bases
• Atlantic Charter: August 1941
– Common principles, self-determination
Hitler on Invading the Soviet Union
“All you have to do is kick in
the door, and the whole rotten
structure will crumble to the
ground.”
Barbarossa: USSR Invasion
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June 1941
Bloodiest war ever
Lebensraum
22 June 1941: Invasion (Greece/Yugo.)
Soviets fall back: Space, industry, western
support
By Dec 1941: At Leningrad, Moscow
– “General Winter”
June 1942: Thrust to Caucasus oil fields
September 1942: Stalingrad
Fighting in
Stalingrad,
Sept 1942-Feb
1943
Stalingrad
LINE OF FIRE on The History Channel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4v7GyFp_
U4
Stalingrad: Hitler’s view
…I wanted to take it (Stalingrad). And
do you know, we're modest: that is,
we have it! There are only a couple
of very small places left to take
there...”
– Adolf Hitler, Munich, 8 November 1942
Stalingrad: Reality
Wilhelm Hoffmann, 267th Infantry Regiment, 94th
Infantry Division, diary entry in Stalingrad on
26th December 1942.
“The horses have already been eaten. I would eat a
cat; they say its meat is tasty. The soldiers look like
corpses or lunatics. They no longer take cover from
Russian shells; they haven't the strength to walk, run
away and hide.”
War in North Africa: 1941-43
• Italians threaten Egypt: Tobruk, 1941
• Germans intervene:
– Afrika Korps & General Rommel
(Desert Fox) retake Tobruk
• El Alamein (1942): Montgomery
(Britain) defeats Germans
• Operation Torch: US/UK landings
• Germans & Italians defeated
Life in the War
• Occupation
–Indirect or military control
–Slave labor
• Collaboration
• Resistance
–20 July 1944 Plot
• Atrocities
–Heydrich & Lidice
The German Home Front
• Hitler demanded few sacrifices from German
people at first.
• Production grew through 1944.
• By 1943, labor shortages made it necessary for
teenagers, retired men and some women to work
in the factories.
• Radio and film propaganda used to boost the
cause.
• Allied terror bombing campaign (1942-45)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The End of the Beginning…1943
• Stalingrad: German surrender
• Battle of the Atlantic: Codebreaking
success
• North Africa: Germans & Italians
surrender to UK/US
• Italy invaded=Italian surrender, fall
of Mussolini
• Soviets advance: Retake Ukraine
• Round-the-clock strategic bombing
The Beginning of the End…1944
• Soviets drive Germans out of USSR
– Drive to Warsaw (Uprising)
– Bucharest
– Budapest under siege
• Italy: Anzio & Monte Cassino
– Rome falls on 5 June
• Overlord: D-Day landings, 6 June
• Paris liberated, August
• Ardennes & the Battle of the Bulge
Ende des Dritten Reichs
• V1 & V2 attacks on London
• Soviet Army pushes to Berlin (21
April)
• UK and US cross Rhine, take western
Germany
• Hitler commits suicide in the Bunker,
30 April
• Unconditional surrender, 7 May 1945
The Final Solution
• Groundwork:
–Nazi determination
–European Anti-semitism, passive
• Emigration: Nisko or Madagascar
• 1941: SS Einsatzgruppen
• 20 Jan 1942: Wannsee Conference
–Final Solution
Results of War
• 60 million dead
• Economic devastation
• Displaced Persons (DPs) and
refugees
• End of European dominance
• End of Empire
• Rise of US & USSR
Foundations of Cold War
• Unlikely alliance: Churchill
quotation
• Yalta: (Feb 1945)
–USSR: Japan war, UN, “free
elections”
–Allies: “Spheres of influence”
• Potsdam: (July-Aug 1945)
–Division of Ger, Austria, Poland
Japan: Road to War
• Tripartite Pact (Sept 1940)
• Neutrality Pact with USSR (Apr 1941)
• French Indochina in 1941 > US/Allied oil
embargo, freeze assets
– Economic position untenable
• Gen. Tojo Hideki PM (Oct 1941)
– Attack US/UK 1941
Pearl Harbor: Perfidious Treachery
“Asia for Asians”
• Japanese take all SE Asia
• “Asia for Asians”=Asia for Japanese
• Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere
Conferences
• Washington Pact: Jan 1942
– 26 “united nations” will not make separate peace
• Casablanca Conference: Jan 1943
– US and UK demand unconditional surrender
• Tehran Conference: Nov – Dec 1943
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Summit Meeting: First meeting of the “Big Three”
Stalin demands Second Front
Decision to invade France
Secret: Russia and Poland shifted west at Germany’s cost
– Stalin’s objectives?
– UK and US concerned USSR conclude separate peace
– Roosevelt wins agreement for new int’l organization
Winding Down…and Starting Up
• October 1944: “Percentages Agreement”
– Churchill flies to Moscow
– Establishes spheres of influence:
• Romania and Bulgaria: USSR 90% influence
• Greece: UK 90% influence
• Equal influence in Hungary and Yugoslavia
• Western Allies finally invade 6 June 1944
End of the War
• Germany surrenders 8 May 1945
• Conference of San Francisco: 25 April 1945
– UN Charter
• Potsdam (July – August 1945):
– New leadership: Atlee and Truman
– Stalin and the Atomic Bomb
– Zones of Occupation
– Redraw eastern border of Germany
Yalta: (Feb 1945)
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Most important meeting
What happens to Poland ?
Zones of occupation in Germany
USSR: Agrees to Japan war, UN, “free
elections” and “national sovereignty” in E.
Europe
• French given an occupation zone
• Roosevelt: Yalta the end of balance of
power and spheres of influence
• East Europeans see Yalta as a great
betrayal
The Iron Curtain Falls
• USSR: prevents elections, eliminates
opposition
• Eastern Europe becomes USSR satellite
• 1946: “Iron Curtain” speech
• Truman Doctrine: Greece/Turkey
– Containment
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Marshall Plan (48)/COMECON (49)
Berlin Airlift
USSR atomic bomb (1949)
Red China (1949)
Squaring off
• NATO (1949)
–West Germany (1955)
• Warsaw Pact (1955)
• USSR:
–Territorial aggrandizement
–Massive army
• USA: Economic, industrial might
• Struggle for allies, influence
The Two World Wars, 1900-1950
• Lessons of the world wars seem contradictory:
– Failure of the Munich Agreement in 1938 to appease Hitler
used to support hard-line foreign policy – deterrence
– BUT in 1914 it was just such hard-line policies that led
Europe to WWI, might have been avoided with
appeasement.
• IR scholars have not discovered a simple formula for
choosing the best policy to avoid war.