Transcript WWII Power Pt.

Chapter 18
Section 1 - Mobilization
Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
with the idea that they would
shrink further from conflict.
Not the case…
Americans angry!
Slogan “Remember Pearl
Harbor”
5 million volunteer for military
service- still not enough to fight
the war on the 2 fronts
Selective Service System
expanded the draft and
provided another 10 million men
WAAC
Army Chief of Staff General
Paton pushes for formation of
Women’s Auxiliary Army
Corps (WAAC)
 Women volunteers would serve
in noncombat positions
nurses, ambulance drivers, radio
operators, electricians, and
pilots- nearly every duty not
involving direct combat
Dramatic Contributions
Minority groups question why they are fighting
“Just carve on my tombstone, ‘Here lies a black man
killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a
white man.’”
More than 300,000 Mexican Americans joined the
armed forces
One million African Americans serve.
Lived and worked in segregated units and were
limited to mostly noncombat (until 1943)
More than 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000
Japanese Americans join the armed forces.
Tuskegee Airmen
All African-American 99th Pursuit Squadron
Won 2 distinguished Unit Citations (highest
commendation) for their excellent aerial
combat against the German Luftwaffe in
Italy
“None of their bombers ever shot
down” – myth?
Probably not true…but much better
record than most
(Red Tails the movie)
Tuskegee Airmen
Women Working
Nation’s automobile plants
made into plants to produce
tanks, planes, boats, and military
vehicles
Other factories converted into
war factories as well
More than 6 million of 18
million workers were women
Women in the workforce- by
1944 made up 1/3 of all workers
in war related industries
Cleveland Bomber/Tank
Plant
War Offices
 Office of Price Administration (OPA) War ration
stamps- (fights inflation by freezing prices on most
goods)
 War Production Board (WPB)- decided which
companies would convert into wartime production
and allocated raw materials to key industries
 FDR increases income taxes- people have less to
spend on goods
 Rationing (establishing fixed allotments of goods
deemed essential for the military- fuel, meat, sugar,
coffee, shoes)
 “NEVER BUY RATIONED GOODS WITHOUT RATION
STAMPS”
 “NEVER PAY MORE THAN THE LEGAL PRICE”
Manhattan Project
Office of Scientific Research and
Development (OSRD) brings scientists
into the war effort
1939- German scientists split the
uranium atom which releases an
enormous amount of energy
Albert Einstein sends FDR letter to
inform him
Manhattan Project is formed- Los
Alamos, New Mexico
Code name for work on the atomic
bomb
 J. Robert Oppenheimer
“Now I have
become
death, the
destroyer of
worlds”
Propaganda
Section 2- Retaking Europe
Allied forces, led by the United States and
Great Britain, battle Axis powers for control
of Europe and North Africa.
The United States and Britain Join Forces
War Plans
Churchill convinces FDR to strike first
against Hitler
Allied War Effort
 Battle of the Atlantic - Mid 1943-1945
 Victory for allies
 Hitler orders submarine attacks
against supply ships to Britain in
1942
 Wolf packs destroy hundreds of
cargo ships
 Allies organize convoys of cargo ships
with escorts
 Destroyers with sonar; planes with
radar
 Construction of Liberty ships (cargo
carriers) speeds up
North Africa Campaign
 General Erwin Rommel sent to reinforce Italians battling
British
 “Desert Fox”
 Won several battles
 Operation Torch- British invasion of North Africa
 Battle of El Alamein won by British (Gen. Bernard
Montgomery) stopping German offensive into Egypt
 Rommel’s army retreated and is chased into Tunisia
 Surrendered 240,000 German and Italian troops
 Casablanca Conference
 Churchill and Roosevelt decide to deal with Europe first then
switch to Pacific
 Accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Italy,
Germany, and Japan
Italian Campaign
Allies make move toward retaking Europe- Italy
Gen. George Patton
Invade Sicily with British forces
Mussolini voted out of office, fascist gov’t
disbanded
Germans evacuate Mussolini to Northern Italy
Italy’s new gov’t surrenders
German army in N. Italy continues to fight
Allies take Rome after days of fighting
Germans surrendered in April 1945
Mussolini shot, body hung up, beaten
Mussolini is executed
The Eastern Front
Battle of Stalingrad- Feb. 1943 USSR
 City fighting, hand to hand combat
 Months of fighting
 Soviets take advantage of harsh winter
 Germans lost 330,000
 Soviets loses could be as high as 1,100,000
 prevented Germany from taking over the USSR.
 Now Soviets start moving westward toward Germany
 Turning point!
Siege of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) 1941-1945
 Cities’ population starving, bombing attacks
 53,000 die
D-Day
 June 6, 1944
 Operation Overlord
 Begins liberation of France
 Dwight D. Eisenhower
 Allies set up fake army to deceive
Germans about where the invasion
will be (Gen. Patton at Calais)
 Invasion of Normandy, France- four
beach heads
 Allies turn the tide and are now on
the offensive for the rest of the war
 HUGE losses, esp. for Americans
 British, Canadians also help during
operation
D-Day Map
Saving Private Ryan opening scene- VERY realistic
General Eisenhower's D-Day Message to the Soldiers
Key Events
July 1944- Liberation of Majdanek (in Poland)
August 1944- Complete liberation of France- freed
from 4 yrs. Of Nazi occupation
Jan. 1945 (ends)-Battle of the Bulge- Hitler’s last
stand- Germany looses.
Oct. 1944- first German town (Aachen) captured
April 1945- Soviets storm Berlin; Hitler commits
suicide
Germany offers unconditional surrender
Spring 1945- End of Italian campaign. Freedom for
Italy- Mussolini is executed
April 12, 1945- FDR DIES. TRUMAN TAKES
OFFICE.
May 8, 1945- V-E Day (official day of victory in
Europe)
Section 4- The War in the Pacific
Allied Advance Towards Japan
 Allies planned to conquer one Pacific
Island after another= island-hopping
 Gain air bases from which they could
bomb and later invade Japan.
 Pave the way to begin bombing the
Japanese mainland.
War in the Pacific
Bataan (Philippines) April 1942 Allies hold out for 4 months.
Philippines map
General MacArthur retreats,
troops trapped
FDR orders MacArthur to leavehe escapes and relocates to
Australia.
Thousands of troops remained,
captured and forced to march
miles without food or water,
POWs treated horribly and
tortured
 Battle of Midway- April 1942
 Turning point
 Midway was a strategic island in the
Pacific
 Americans broke Japanese code,
knew that Midway was their next target
 Admiral Chester Nimitz meets the
Japanese, defends the island
 Japanese loose 4 aircraft carriers, a
cruiser, and 250 planes
 HUGE VICTORY FOR THE ALLIES!
 MacArthur comes back
 Guadalcanal (August, 1942)
 allies won control of the island and
stopped the Japanese from completing
an airstrip there
Iwo Jima-Feb-March 1945
 U.S. its airfields
 Japanese have underground tunnels and
bunkers- dug into island
 Some of the fiercest/bloodiest fighting in
the war
 7,000 MARINES DIE
 Japanese= only 200 survive
 Almost 20,000 U.S. wounded!!!
Okinawa-June 1945
 Only 340 miles from Japan
 Largest amphibious assault in the Pacific
 7,600 U.S troops die, 110,000 Japanese
die
All victories for the Allies but huge
losses
War Coming to an End
July 1945- Manhattan Project
completed!
August 1945- Hiroshima, Nagasakiatomic bombs dropped
Aug 6- “Little Boy” Hiroshima
Aug 9- “Fat Man” Nagasaki
SURRENDER- Sept. 4, 1945 V-J
Day!
February 1945- Yalta Conference
UN established
Nuremberg Trials 1945- 1949- war
crimes
Section 5- Costs of the War
Approximately 50 million
people died
More than half of them
civilians
Millions more were injured or
left suffering from disease
and malnutrition
War devastated national
economies in Europe and
Asia.
Costs of the War
Returning GI’s
GI Bill of Rights
increased living situations
for returning soldiers
Japanese Americans
Seen as a security threat.
Internment camps 1942.
FDR signs Executive Order
9066
1988- Reagan apologizes.
IMPORTANT OUTCOME
US is now a superpower!
Why?
Atomic bomb!
Cold War