Transcript Ch. 11: A World in Flames

Ch. 11:
A World in Flames
1931 - 1941
Section 1:
America and the World
 The Rise of Dictators…
 and -isms…
 WWI + Great Depression = Desperate People
 Many in Europe feel trading freedom for security is a
wise choice.
All within the
state, nothing
outside the
state, nothing
against the
state.
Italy
 Mussolini (Il Duce) and Fascism

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
“Aggressive nationalism”
Anti-Communist
Anti-”the individual”
Pro-the family, middle class
Pro-the Catholic Church
USSR (Soviet Union)
 1917- Bolshevik
Revolution

Communism
 1st: Lenin
 Then: Stalin (“Uncle
Joe”)
 Anti-”the individual”
 8 – 10 million peasants
(at least) died resisting
the new party
Death is the
solution to all
problems.
No man - no
problem.
It goes without saying
that when survival is
threatened, struggles
erupt between peoples,
and unfortunate wars
between nations result.
Japan
 Hideki Tojo
 Militarism
 Uneven balance of
trade
 Trying to be an
industrialized leader,
but lacks resources
 Invades Manchuria
(China) to get
needed minerals,
etc.
Spain
 General Francisco
Franco
 Republicans +
Socialists +
Communists joined
Franco-led rebellion
back by Falangists
(Spanish Fascists)
  Spanish Civil War
(1936)
USSR aid gov’t.
Vs.
Germany, Italy aided Fascists
I am responsible
only to God and
history.
All propaganda has to be
popular and has to
accommodate itself to the
comprehension of the
least intelligent of those
whom it seeks to reach.
Germany
 Hitler
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Admired Mussolini
Fought WWI
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
Angry at allies and Ger. gov't
Nazism-Nat'l Socialist Ger. Workers Party

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
Nationalistic –
Anti-Communist
Tried to take power early

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Arrested, wrote Mein Kampf: “My Struggle”.
“Unification of all Ger. people under gov't.”
Aryans- blonde, blue-eyed Germans“Master Race”
“We need more lebensraum” -- living space
 (Expand into Poland and Russia)
 “Slavic peoples of E. Euro.- inferior race. We
should enslave them.”

Esp. hated Jews-felt they were responsible
for German defeat in WWI.
Hitler, con’t.
 After prison-changed to more
“peaceful” tactics

Get power in Reichstag (Parliament).
 Gr. Dep. made masses angry at
traditional gov't.

Nazi's rose in power
 1933- Hitler appointed chancellor
(Prime Minister) - intimidated voters
 1934- Prez. (and control of army)rebuilt military
In groups…
 Focus on the
person (your title).
 Include…




Place
-ism (if
applicable)
Problems to
solve
Promises made
 Include a quote
that indicates
what this person
stands for
 Cut into a shape
that “makes
sense” for the
person/situation
FDR becomes President
 Originally focuses on
Gr. Dep.

But eventually the war
draws his attention
 Policy of
Internationalism: trade
between nations
creates prosperity and
helps prevent war.
Right? ;)
America Tries Neutrality
 People favoring isolationism
 Euro countries not repaying
war debs
 Nye Committee- “Did arms
dealers convince gov't to
enter WWI to make $?”
 Neutrality Act-1935
 “Illegal to sell arms to any
country @ war” → So, we
don't get involved in Spanish
Civil War
 Alliances Start

Italy and Germany and Japan (→ Axis Powers, 1940)
 Neutrality Act-1937


We'll sell you non-military items, But--your ships, you
pay cash.
“Cash and Carry” Only/No loans!
Manchuria attack becomes Japan vs. China undeclared war- since not at war, FDR
helps China → sells weapons to them
Section 2:
World War II Begins (in Europe)
Hitler still saying all German people should be united.
Late 1937.
1. Military takeover of Austria. Forced Unification of
Germany and Austria
-the Anschluss
-no allies
-under authoritarian gov't.
2. Sudetenland (part of Czech)
- they objected
- did not see selves as German, plus were a
democracy, plus allied w/France, USSR
- lots of threats
Munich Conference - 1938
 Brit, Fr, Italy, Ger.
 Sept. 1938- appeasement - giving
in to demands in exchange for
peace.
 Brit and Fr. hoped this was the
end of it.
 They
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Remembered WWI
All German people together is a
reasonable request
Once we give Nazis more land,
they'll be satisfied
 So, Hitler took the land
3. Poland
-esp. port of Danzig (and “Polish
Corridor” to East Prussia)
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
Hitler started making advances.
Brit and Fr. said they would aid
Poland.
 Hitler worried about having to fight
Soviets
 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

Aug. 1939, “We won't fight each other
AND we'll split Poland.”
 Sept. 1, 1939 - Ger. Invades Poland
(from West)

(shortly thereafter- Soviets invade
from East)
 Sept. 3 - Brit and Fr. declare war on
Germany
World War II
 Blitzkrieg
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“lightning war”
Poland unable to
defend/stop Ger.
Tanks -air support paratroopers →
surrounded, cut off
from supplies, heavy
losses
In 1 month, Poland
fell.
 Maginot Line-
bunkers and barriers
btwn Fr. and Ger.
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=fbd3b5c6-087a47cd-b5f5-b9835f1ce9f3&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=HUB
Hitler Moves through Europe
 Spring 1940 - Norway and Denmark fell, Sweden →

Ger. Depended on its iron ore
 THEN Hitler went to France, THROUGH the
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (to avoid the fortified
Maginot Line)

Fr. and G.B raced to Belgium. Hitler snuck in “behind them”
and trapped them in Belgium
Miracle at Dunkirk
 338,000 men saved!
1. G.B. left unharmed @ home
2. Much of Fr. Army in Belgium
3. Ger. Occupied N. Fr., Atlantic
coastline → Fr. Surrendered
4. Vichy Gov't. installed
Meanwhile, in Great Britain
A man does what
he must - in spite of
personal
consequences, in
spite of obstacles
and dangers and
pressures - and that
is the basis of all
human morality.
 Hooray! Winston Churchill
leads a defiant Gr. Brit.

Speech to Parliament
 June 4, 1940
 Raise spirits of Brits
 Let U.S. know real situation
 Assure Ger. they will not
surrender
Hitler Knew He Needed to
Invade Great Britain
 Brit. Air Force would destroy Ger. Ships
crossing the channel, so Hitler knew he
needed to destroy the RAF first
 -Luftwaffe- German Air Forcebombing
 1st- shipping in the channel (June
1940)
 Then - Battle of Britain (RAF fields)
(Aug. 1940)
 Oops- bombed London
 RAF had radar!
 RAF hurt Luftwaffe significantly by
knowing when they were coming
 Hitler stopped/canceled invasion of Brit.
(Oct. 1940)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ0fGS01Pdg
Section 3:
The Holocaust
Who? Nazis → Jews, gays, Gypsies, other Slavic peoples,
people w/ disabilities
 What? Originally - isolating them.


Then, Wannsee Conference (1942) - Final Solution

When? Slowly, starting w/the Nuremberg Laws, in 1935,
mass murder in 1942-1945
 Where? Concentration camps in Germany, Austria and
Poland mostly
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
Buchenwald and others
Why? Hitler's position in Mein Kampf; anti-Semitism
common; all Jews were a problem (in Nazi ideal).
Steps in Persecution
 Sept. '35- Nuremberg Laws, took away
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citizenship, banned mixed marriages
Nov. '35- defined Jews as having at least 1
Jewish grandparent, can't hold public office,
can't vote, change names to sound less Jewish
Passports marked w/“J”
Summer '36 - New laws forced firing of Jews in
many positions, unemployment up
1938 - can't practice law, medicine; own
business (early law made it so patients/
customers only Jewish)
 1938- Deportation into Poland begins.
 Nov. 9, 1938- Kristallnacht- “Night of
Broken Glass”, mass destruction of Jewish
businesses, synagogues, personal
property, etc. in Austria, Germany, wealthy
forced to emigrate, but “red tape” slow and
other countries did not want them. Many
were stuck.
 Jan 20, 1942- Wannsee Conference- “The
final solution”,
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Previous Solutions: shooting, mass graves,
exhaust fumes into packed trucks → too
slow, not efficient enough,
so-round all up, sent to

→ concentration camps - worked to death,
→extermination camps - gas chamber
executions
How could this happen?
 (6 million Jews + hundreds of thousands of others
exterminated)
 Ger. sense of injury b/c of WWI
 Economic probs. (Gr. Dep.)
 Hitler's control and manipulation

Propaganda Machine
 Lack of a strong tradition of representative gov't in
Ger.
 Fear of secret police
 Long history of fear and prejudice of Jewish
peoples
 Genocide
Section 4:
America Enters the War
 Neutrality Act of 1939
 Can buy weapons, non-weapons
 1. pay cash
 2. carry on own ships
 Then - FDR instituted “Destroyers for Bases”
program w/ Churchill (Spring 1940)
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
Right to build Amer. bases on Newfoundland,
Bermuda, Carib.
Send 50 old destroyers to Brit.
Public Opinion
 Fight for Freedom: anti-
Germany, no more neutrality!
 Committee to Defend
America: aiding the allies,
increased aid to allies, but no
armed intervention
 America First Committee:
very isolationist, no
intervention, no aid.

Charles Lindberg!
FDR’s Four Freedoms Speech
Pg.
999
These are the ideals the U.S. and
Great Britain stand for…
Gr. Brit. out of cash so...
 Dec. 1940
 FDR - “Lend-Lease Act” - U.S. can lend
or lease arms to any country considered
“vital to the defense of the U.S.”
 So…
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
Can send weapons to G.B. if they'll return
or pay rent after war.
Give USSR loans also as Hitler broke
Nazi- Soviet pact and invaded
Other U.S. actions
 Hemispheric Defense Zone
 “Warning: Stay out of Western Atlantic!”
 Revealed Ger. sub locations to Gr. Brit.
 Aug. 1941 - Atlantic Charter - FDR and
Churchill –


Agreed for world-wide democracy post-war
Laid foundation for UN
 German-U.S. Hostilities in Atlantic
 U-boats vs. U.S. Destroyers
 → by end of '41 very tense
And then, the unthinkable happened…
THE ATTACK ON
PEARL HARBOR
Start in the upper left
hand corner…
Britain has an empire in
SE Asia, the Pacific
They move their fleet to
replace ships lost from
German encounters
Destroyers for Bases deal with U.S.
Leaves SE Asia, Pacific
vulnerable
Japan heads to
Indochina (Vietnam, etc.);
can easily also get to
Hong Kong, Dutch-held
land, Philippines
MacArthur sent to build up
our defenses in Phils.
Presence of U.S. fleet
in the Pacific would
destroy all of Japan’s
plans…
Upper right
hand corner
80% of Japan’s oil came from U.S.
Export Control Act: FDR can restrict
sale of strategic materials
FDR blocks sale of plane fuel
Scrap metal embargo placed against
Japan
Japan is furious! Signs
agreement with Axis Powers.
Japan’s war with China:
Japan needs resources;
heads to Brit, Dutch, U.S.
held lands
Lend-Lease Aid to China for its
war with Japan
ATTACK ON
PEARL HARBOR*
Middle
boxes
War declared immediately
between U.S. and Japan*
Italy and Germany declared war
on U.S. on Dec. 11th