Transcript NATIONALISM & THE OUTBREAK OF WWII

The World at War
1931-1945
Part I: Origins of War
NATIONALISM & THE
OUTBREAK OF WWII
Totalitarianism
Italy & Mussolini
March on Rome
1922
 Fascism.
 Nickname – IL
Duce (the chief)

Totalitarianism
Stalin & the Rise of Russia
Joseph Stalin 1927-53
 Wrestles power
away from Trotsky
and othersconsolidates his
dictatorship by 1927
or so
 Terror, the GULAG ,
Ended private
businesses
Totalitarianism:
Hitler and Germany

1919 joined National
Socialist German
Workers Party (Nazi)
 Called for a supreme
German race
 Wrote Mein Kampf
 Wins 1932 Election,
becomes Dictator in
1933 (Der Führer)
Aggression in Europe
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1933
Germany Exits Lg. of Nations; begins military build-up

1936
German troops enter Rhineland
Rome-Berlin Axis signed
Mussolini invades Ethiopia
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1936-39
Spanish Civil War
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Feb & March 1938
Hitler engineers Anschluß with Austria
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September 1938 Munich Crisis
"You were given the choice between war and dishonor. You chose
dishonor and you will have war." Winston Churchill
Japanese Aggression 1895-1937
 Feudal
Japan 1603-1854
 Commodore Perry and the Opening of
Japan, 1854
 Japan joins the World, 1860-1890
 Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
 Russo-Japanese War 1905
 Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907
Japanese Aggression 1895-1937
 Japan
in WW I
 Washington Naval Conference, 1921
5-5-3
 Invasion of Manchuria, 1931
 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
 Invasion of China, 1937 (Rape of Nanjing)
 Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
Rape of Nanjing
U.S. Responds to the War
Interventionist or Isolationists
Who were the Isolationists?
How did the U.S. initially respond?
Neutrality Acts of 1935-37
Designed to keep the US out of the War
in both Europe and Asia
–Roosevelt’s Quarantine Speech
US Moves Away From Neutrality
 Sept.
1939, CASH & CARRY
 Sept. 1940 Rome-Berlin Tokyo Axis
 America begins to
a) boost military budget /build-up
b) Pass Selective Service Act
German Aggression
 Austria
& Czechoslovakia
 Blitzkrieg
& Poland
 Netherlands,
 Battle
Belgium, & France
of Britain
Part II:
America Moves Towards
War
The Great Arsenal of Democracy:
Preparing for War
A. Change in policy (1940 -1941)
Cash & Carry
Lend-Lease Policy
C. War Goals & Objectives
• The Atlantic Charter – meeting w/ Churchilll to:
 1) List Causes of the War
 2) Develop war objectives
THE ATLANTIC CHARTER

The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's
Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in
the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world.
First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the
peoples concerned;
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they
wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;
Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States,
great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world
which are needed for their economic prosperity;
Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of
securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security;
Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all
nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the
men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want;
Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance;
Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the
abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue
to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe,
pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such
nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measures which will lighten for
peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments.
Signed by: Franklin D. Roosevelt & Winston S. Churchill
Entering the War

Japanese Ambitions/Strategy

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

Attacks on Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya,
Dutch East Indies, Guam and Wake IS
The Pacific- 1942
The War in Europe
1942
August 19
Nov. 8
Dieppe Raid
Operation Torch –North Africa
1943
Feb. 2
July 10
Sept 3-9
Late in year
Germans surrender at Stalingrad
Allied Landings in Sicily
Allied Landings in Italy
Bombing of German cities begins
1944
Jan-Feb
June 4
June 6
Sept 17
December 16
Landings at Anzio, Italy
Rome falls to the Allies
Invasion of Normandy
Operation Market Garden
Battle of the Bulge
1945
May 8
VE Day
Battle of the Atlantic
Goal: Open up the Atlantic Ocean to the
transporting of war goods and stop German
U-Boat Terror
Solution: Introduce the convoy system using
destroyers with sonar and airplanes traveling
with a birds-eye view
Result: Success; Hitler lost more U-Boats faster
than he could replace them
Invasion of N. Africa, Nov. 1942
Invasion of Normandy
The War in the Pacific
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18 April
4-7 June
7 August
Guadalcanal
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January 23Nov. 21-
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All year
1942
Doolittle Raid
Battle of Midway
Marines land on
1943
First Landings in New Guinea
Marines land on Tarawa in
the Gilbert Islands
Ongoing landings in New
Guinea
War in the Pacific
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Jan-Feb
June-Aug
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Sept. 15
October 29
Feb. 17
April 1
August 6-8
August 15
1944
Marshalls: Kwajalein, Eniwetok
Marianas: Saipan, Tinian, Guam
US Air Raids on Japan begin
Peleliu invaded
Philippines invaded
1945
Iwo Jima invaded
Okinawa invaded
A-bombs Dropped
VJ Day
T/Sgt Arnold F. Anderson US Army
T/Sgt Arnold F. Anderson US Army
Arnie and Elmira Summer 1944
St. Paul, Minn.
.
Arnie and Elmira December, 1944
Developing the Atomic Bomb
The Manhattan Project
- Background & History
- Reading: Development of the Atomic Bomb
Moment of Decision: Factors in U.S. Decision-Making
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
American Casualties
Policy of unconditional surrender
Problems with the Soviets
Destructive power of the bomb
Preservation of American Values
Possibility of Japanese Surrender
Organizing & Mobilization For
Victory

War Powers Act (12/18/1941)
•

Revenue Act
•
•
•

Taxed wealthy, middle class (average citizens), corp.
Taxes suddenly became a way to express patriotism
Madatory withholding
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
•
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Gave FDR authority over all aspects of the war
Fought inflation by freezing most prices
Ending the Depression: Economic changes
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War Production Board
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Men, women, and minorities could enlist
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC)
•
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Converted peacetime production to wartime production
Allocated raw materials to key war industries
Organized rationing
Selective Service (Draft)
•

Defense Spending
Unemployment change
Factory production levels
Women could make the army a career
Office of War Information
•
Sell the war to the American Public
Life on the Home Front
Workers & the War Effort
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Women made up 36% of the workforce
Organized labor became extremely patriotic calling for a “nostrike” pledge during the war. (John L. Lewis’ miner did strike)
1942 FDR created the NWLB (National War Labor Board) to
set wages, hours, and conditions, and the authority for the gov.
to seize any industry plant that did not comply.
FDR passes Executive Order 8802- declaring no discrimination
in the work of defense industries and establish the FEPC (Fair
Employment Practices Comm.)
Civil Rights at Home
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Racial tensions calmed down during the war
Blacks & Whites worked together for the war effort
Germans and Italians were considered Americans first
Soviet Union was our ally in this war
Japanese internment

Executive Order 9066 gave the War Dept the ability to evacuate
Japanese-Americans from the West Coast to Internment camps

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Rounded up 112,000 Japanese-Americans
Relocated deeper into the US (Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho)
Supreme Court Cases
• 1942-Hirabayashi v. United States
• 1944 – Korematsu v. United States

Both cases allowed for relocation of Japanese-Americans on the basis
of “military necessity’
Japanese Internment Camps
A nuclear weapon of the "Little Boy" type, the uranium gun-type detonated
over Hiroshima. It is 28 inches in diameter and 120 inches long. "Little Boy"
weighed about 9,000 pounds and had a yield approximating 15,000 tons of
high explosives. (Copy from U.S. National Archives, RG 77-AEC)
A nuclear weapon of the "Fat Man" type, the plutonium implosion type
detonated over Nagasaki. 60 inches in diameter and 128 inches long,
the weapon weighed about 10,000 pounds and had a yield
approximating 21,000 tons of high explosives (Copy from U.S. National
Archives, RG 77-AEC)
Atomic Bomb Cloud
over Nagasaki
Atomic Explosion over
Hiroshima
The Aftermath of Hiroshima