Transcript July 1945

Japanese-American Internments
1. Who was the lead scientist on the
Manhattan Project?
2. Which city was the first city to be bombed
with an atomic bomb?
3. Where were the German war crimes trials
held?
4. Who was the US admiral in charge of the
US Navy in the Pacific?
5. What did FDR, Churchill and Stalin agree
to create after the war to keep world
peace?
The Japanese-American Internments
Objective:
To understand the causes and effects, as well as
the short and long-term impacts, of the
Japanese-American Internments
Context:
December 7th, 1941: Pearl Harbor, an attack by
the Japanese on the Hawaiian base
Causes of Internment
• By far, the main cause of the internments was a fear of anyone
of Japanese descent following Pearl Harbor.
• The US and Japan’s “peaceful” feud before the attack
prompted some concern as well
• In August 1941, Rep. John Dingell of Michigan suggested, to
President Roosevelt, jailing 10,000 Hawaiian Japanese to
ensure “good behavior” on the part of Japan.
http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html
Causes of Internment (cont.)
• Roosevelt’s presidential Executive Order 9066
authorized the armed forces to consider any areas
necessary of the US as military areas “from which
any or all persons may be excluded,“ essentially
the Japanese.
• Internment was also popular among many white
farmers, as removing any competitor proves
convenient.
"Californians have properly objected on the sound
basic grounds that Japanese immigrants are not
capable of assimilation into the American
population... Anyone who has traveled in the Far
East knows that the mingling of Asiatic blood with
European and American blood produces, in nine
cases out of ten, the most unfortunate results".
-Franklin D. Roosevelt, regarding the Japanese
occupation in Western America.
SOURCE: By Order of the President,
by Greg Robinson
DISCUSS:
What arguments may be made that
challenge the decision to inter
Japanese-Americans?
Effects of Internment
• Nearly 120,000 Japanese-Americans were
relocated inland, of which 62% were
already American citizens.
• Over 1,000 Japanese, who renounced their
American citizenship, were repatriated back
to Japan
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/images/figure1.1.jpg
Facts to consider…
October 27-30, 1944
The 442nd Regimental Combat Team rescues an
American battalion which had been cut off and
surrounded by the enemy. Eight hundred casualties
are suffered by the 442nd to rescue 211 men. After
this rescue, the 442nd is ordered to keep advancing
in the forest; they would push ahead without
relief or rest until November 9.http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.htm
“the dead and wounded outnumber the
living: 211 men are rescued, 216 Nisei
soldiers are killed and more than 856 are
wounded.”
http://nisei.hawaii.edu/object/io_1149148836656.html
Serving in Italy, France and Germany, the 442nd RCT
fought in eight battle campaigns. With more than
18,000 individual awards and seven Presidential
Unit Citations, it earned the distinction of being
the most highly decorated unit oF world war ii.”
“
http://www4.army.mil/ocpa/read.php?story_id_key=3550
25.3 THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
America at War: 1941-1945
FDR’s STRATEGY:
1. Attack Germany first: save USSR and UK
2. Attack Japan second: give ground in Pacific
PROBLEM: Will America arm itself (and its
Allies) in time?
CONCERN: Were totalitarian warriors better than
citizen-soldiers?
WWII: Pacific Theatre
Act I
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/pacificwar/2130.jpg
12/7/1941: Pearl
Harbor
12/1941-5/1942:
Grim Defeat and
Retreat
Fall of Dutch
East Indies, Fall
of Philippines,
Corregidor,
Bataan Death
March,
Gen. MacArthur
– “I shall return.”
http://www.libraries.psu.edu/ma
ps/photo/8-Bataan.jpg
PHILIPPINES
80,000 US
VS.
200,000 JAPAN
After 5 MonthsUS Forces:
14,000 KIA
48,000 WIA
http://ghostofbataan.com/image2/deathm1.jpg
Map: Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945
Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945
Following the Battle of Midway, with the invasion of Guadalcanal (August 1942), American forces began the costly process of
island hopping. This map shows the paths of the American campaign in the Pacific, closing the circle on Japan. After the Soviet
Union entered the war and Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bombs, Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h97000/h97502t.jpg
The Doolittle Raids
On April 18, 1942, sixteen B25 bombers,
with 80 volunteers commanded by
Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle, took
off from the aircraft carrier Hornet. Their
mission was to drop the first bombs on
Tokyo, Nagoya and Yokohama. All
reached their targets successfully, with
little Japanese response. Then, low on
fuel, fifteen of the planes crashed or were
abandoned in China. (The Japanese would
eventually execute 250,000 Chinese for
helping the American fliers escape.) A
sixteenth plane landed near Vladivostok.
Two of the Doolittle raiders came down in
enemy territory and three crewmen were
executed. But 71 men eventually came
home.
http://www.pbs.org/perilousfight/_images/photos/battlefield/doolittle/05.jpg
WWII: Pacific Theatre
Act II
May-June 1942: Allies Turn the Tide
Battle of the Coral Sea (saves Australia)
Battle of Midway (destroys Japanese Carriers)
Aug. 1942: “Island Hopping” begins
Guadalcanal (20K Japanese dead to 1200 USA)
Tarawa, Marianas, Solomon Islands
Aug. 1943: Recover Aleutian Islands
MEANWHILE: US subs destroy Japansese navy,
US begins bombing Tokyo and Japan
Battle of Midway
http://www.pbs.org/perilousfight/_images/photos/battlefield/doolittle/11.jpg
http://www.cnn.com/TECH/science/9806/04/yorktown.found/midway.island.lg.jpg
• Admiral Chester Nimitz, US Commander
• US uses intercepted/decoded Japanese messages re:
invasion fleet of 110 ships
• Nimitz sets trap, destroys 332 planes, 4 aircraft carriers, and
many experienced Japanese pilots
Island Hopping
• By-pass Japanese
strong-points
• Seize small, unfortified
islands
• Build airfields on them
• Use air power to
destroy Japanese supply
lines
• Starve out Japanese
strong-points
• Repeat
Tarawa by Tom Lovell
Tarawa by Tom Lovell
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
On November 21, 1943, marines stormed ashore on the atoll of Tarawa, soon to be called
"Bloody Tarawa." The marines secured the island, but the cost was high. Of the 5,000 marines
who fought in the battle, more than 1,000 were killed and another 2,000 wounded. Nearly all of
the 5,000 Japanese defenders died, many in a final "death charge." (U.S. Marine Corps Museum)
Map: Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945
Closing the Circle on Japan, 1942-1945
Following the Battle of Midway, with the invasion of Guadalcanal (August 1942), American forces began the costly process of
island hopping. This map shows the paths of the American campaign in the Pacific, closing the circle on Japan. After the Soviet
Union entered the war and Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bombs, Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
• Supreme Commander of
Allies in Pacific
• Utilized “island hopping”
• Brilliant strategist
• 1/10 kill ratio US/Jap.
• Put in charge of
governing Japan after
WWII
• Led US forces in Korean
War
• Fired by Truman for
insubordination
http://www.e-yliko.gr/Fyyl/Istoria/prosopawwarII/Douglas%20MacArthur.gif
WWII: Pacific Theatre
Act III
Oct. 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf (final destruction of J
navy)
Jan.-July 1945-: Liberation of Philippines
March 1945: Iwo Jima
April-June 1945: Okinawa (Kamikaze)
July 1945: Potsdam Conference (US, UK, USSR’s
ultimatum)
Aug. 6, 1945: Hiroshima – 180,000 deaths
Aug. 9, 1945: Nagasaki – 80,000 deaths
Sep. 2, 1945: V-J Day
Kamikaze
http://www.rotten.com/library/death/kamikaze/kamikaze.jpg
• “divine wind”
• Used in Battle of Leyte
Gulf, Philippines
• 424 kamikaze pilots sunk
16 ships, damaged 80
• Similar suicidal resistance
shown by Japanese army
on Iwo Jima, Okinawa
• Okinawa: 1900 kamikaze
attacks sink 30 ships,
damage 300, kill 5,000
sailors
http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/images/OppenheimeBlackboardLarge.jpg
http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/images/TrinityLarge.jpg
Manhattan Project
•
•
•
•
Secret project to develop atomic bomb
Racing Germans and Soviets
Began in 1942
Scientists organized by J. Robert
Oppenheimer (above right)
• many scientists are refugees from fascist
countries
• Bombs use plutonium and uranium 235
• First bomb, “Trinity,” tested July 16,
1945 near Alamogordo, NM –
beginning of atomic age
TRUMAN
•
•
•
•
•
TRUMAN REPLACES
FDR
VET OF WWI
MISSOURI
HIGH SCHOOL
EDUCATION
COMES TO POLITICS
AFTER FAILING AT
BUSINESS
WHO DOES
HE REMIND YOU OF?
http://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/firstln/955pres12.gif
To Bomb or Not to Bomb
(pp. 751-752)
• PRO
• CON
Island Bases in Marianas
and on Iwo Jima provided
strategic staging areas
for the bombing of Japan
and dropping of the bomb.
http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/potsdam_decision.htm
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
YALTA: February 1945
•Last meeting of the Big Three
•Stalin joins fight against Japan
•USSR gets Manchuria, Kuril, Sakhalin
•Founding of the United Nations, based on Atlantic Charter
What is it?
Pact? Agreement? Sell-out?
Is it Versailles?
Is it Munich?
Or…?
New World Order (?)
• Nuremburg Trials: 1945
– Trial of Nazi and German Military Leaders
– Foundations of International Human Rights
• New Crimes:
– Crimes against Humanity
– Crimes against Geneva Convention
• Division of Germany among “Big Four”
– US, UK, USSR, and France
– East and West Germany
• Military Administration of Germany and Japan
– Gen. MacArthur runs Japan, writes democratic
constitution
Potential Essay Topics: TWO
paragraphs minimum
1. Compare and Contrast the strategies of the war in the
Pacific and the war in Europe. Discuss the priorities of
the allies, the generals and commanders, and the major
battles.
2. Identify the arguments for and against dropping the
atomic bomb. Identify who had ultimate responsibility for
the decision. Discuss the merits of each side of the
argument and take a stand. Support your position with
details and facts from the text.
3. Discuss the arguments for and against interning Japanese
Americans during WWII. Was it justified?
4. Compare and contrast communism and fascism. Then
identify two dictators who came to power in the 1930’s.
Compare and contrast their rise to power and their
ultimate fate.