Transcript Trace Minerals and Phytochemicals Presentation

Trace Minerals and
Phytochemicals Presentation
By:
Jennifer
Lindsey
Meagan
Kahelia

Trace Minerals
– Iron
– Zinc
– Copper
– Cromium
– Selenium
– Iodine

Phytochemical
Iron
(Fe)
Iron Functions
Assistance in the transport of oxygen
throughout body to tissues and muscles
 Component of certain enzymes

– Examples:
• Cytochromes
• Part of the antioxidant enzyme system that
fights free radicals
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin transports oxygen through
the blood stream to tissues.
 Iron is a component of Hemoglobin
 Iron binds to the oxygen in our blood
stream
 Iron releases the oxygen to the tissues

Myoglobin
Similar to Hemoglobin but is found in
the muscle cells
 Iron is also a component of Myoglobin
 Iron binds to the oxygen and transports
it into the muscle cells

Cytochromes
This enzyme assists in energy
production within the body
 Cytochromes are an electron carrier
within the metabolic pathways

Food Sources for Iron
Iron is not produced by the body so it
must be consumed via food or
supplementation
 Good sources of Iron in foods are:

– Red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf
vegetables, tofu, chickpeas, black eyed
peas, potatoes with skin
Two Types of Iron Found in
Foods

Heme Iron
– This type of Iron is part of Hemoglobin and
Myoglobin
– It is only found in animal based food
products

Non-heme Iron
– This type of Iron is not part of Hemoglobin
and Myoglobin
– It is found in animal based foods and plant
based foods
Heme and Non-Heme Iron
Cont.
Heme Iron is more absorbable than
non-heme Iron
 Heme Iron and Vitamin C increase the
absorbability factor of non-heme foods

Recommended Dietary Intake
Men 19 years and older 8 mg/day
 Women 19 to 50 18 mg/day
 Women 51 years and older 8 mg/day
 Iron consumption needs are high from
ages 19 to 50 in women because of
menstruation
 Pregnant Women 27 mg/day
 The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19
years and older is 45 mg/day for male
and females

Iron Overdose

Symptoms:
– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness,
confusion and rapid heartbeat

If Iron toxicity is not reduced quickly
significant damage can occur to the
heart, central nervous system, liver, and
kidneys. Death could even be a result.
Hereditary Disease

Hemochromatosis
– The body absorbs excessive amounts of
dietary iron
– Accumulation of iron results in cirrhosis of
the liver, liver cancer, heart attack, diabetes
and arthritis
– Men have a higher risk of the disease

Treatment
– Reducing dietary intake of Iron, avoiding
high intake of Vitamin C and withdrawing
blood
Iron Deficiency

Anemia
– The blood does not contain enough
Hemoglobin to transport oxygen to tissues
in the body
– Symptoms:
• Fatigue, pale skin, lowered immune system,
impaired cognitive and nerve function and
impaired memory
Anemia Treatment
Iron supplementation
 Increase intake of Vitamin C
 Consume goats milk instead of cows
milk
 Certain foods inhibit absorption of Iron
so these foods should be either avoided
or consumed infrequently

– Examples: vegetable proteins, calcium,
tannins, legumes, rice, oregano, red wine
Facts
2/3rds of all Iron in body is in
Hemoglobin
 Iron deficiency is the most common
nutrient deficiency in the world
 20% of all women of child rearing age
are anemic
 2% of men have anemia
 75% of teenagers have anemia

Zinc
(Zn)
Zinc Functions
Assists in the production of Hemoglobin
 Part of the antioxidant enzyme system
that fights against free radicals
 Assists in generating energy from
Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins
 Assists in activating Vitamin A in the
retina of the eye

Zinc Functions Continued…
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Also plays a role in facilitating the folding of
proteins into biologically active molecules
used in gene regulation
Critical for cell replication and normal growth
Important for proper development and
functioning of the immune system
Helps maintain sense of taste and smell
Needed for DNA synthesis
Food Sources for Iron
Zinc is not produced by the body so it
must be consumed via food or
supplementation
 Good Sources of Zinc in food are:

– Red meat, some seafood, beans, nuts,
whole grains, pumpkin seeds, sunflower
seeds, whole grains
Recommended Dietary Intake
Men 19 and older 11 mg/day
 Women 19 and older 8 mg/day
 The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19
years and older is 40 mg/day for male
and females

Zinc Toxicity
Does not occur from eating high
amounts of dietary zinc
 Toxicity occurs from consuming
supplements and fortified foods
 Symptoms:

– Intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting,
loss of appetite, diarrhea, headache,
lowered immune system, reduction in HDL
and interferes with copper and iron
absorption
Zinc Deficiency
Uncommon in the U.S.
 Common in countries that consume
mostly grain based foods
 Symptoms:

– Growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed
sexual maturation and impotence, eye and
skin lesions, hair loss, impaired appetite,
increase in infections and illnesses and
mental lethargy
Zinc Deficiency Treatment
Zinc Supplementation
 Consuming foods high in Zinc

Zinc Facts
30 to 50% of alcoholics are deficient in
Zinc
 You can purchase Zinc lozenges when
sick which may reduce the length of a
cold

Copper
(Cu)
A trace mineral that functions as a cofactor in
many physiological reactions
Copper functions in the body:
Cofactor in the metabolic pathways
 Increases production of collagen and
elasticity.
 Part of enzyme system that combats
free radicals.
 Regulates neurotransmitters important
to brain function

Dietary needs
Present in our bodies from conception,
copper helps form a developing infant’s
heart, skeletal and nervous systems, as
well as arteries and blood vessels
 Easy to obtain in a varied of diet
 Deficiency is rare
 Low dietary intakes of copper absorb
more copper than people with high
dietary intakes

Food Sources for Copper
Beef liver
 Oysters
 Lobster
 Shitake mushrooms
 Trail Mix
 Pork and Beans
 Cashew nuts
 Garbanzo Beans
 Lentils

RDA

RDA for men and women
– 900 ug/day

UL
– 10 mg/day
Copper Deficiency
Occurs most commonly in infants
 Someone with a disorder that impairs
absorption of nutrients
 High intake of zinc or iron, can decrease
absorption of copper

Symptoms
Diagnosis
Fatigue
 Bleeding under
the skin
 Damage to blood
vessels
 Enlarged heart
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Based on
symptoms
 Blood tests that
detect low levels
-Copper
-Ceruplasmin
Treatment of Deficiency

Copper works with potassium and calcium
when patients do exhibit low copper levels,
then calcium and potassium are frequently on
the low side as well.
 Taking a 3mg copper pill for one or two
months, or less, is all that is needed for an
adult to normalize any copper deficiency.
Copper Excess

Any copper not bound to a protein is
toxic
- Acidic food or beverages contaminated
Consuming small amounts can cause
-nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
 Consuming large amounts can cause
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-damage to the kidneys, inhibit urine
production, cause anemia, and even death
Wilson’s disease
An inherited condition
 Causes the body to retain copper
 Copper is not excreted by the liver into
the bile
 If untreated, can lead to brain and liver
damage
 Studies find that those with mental
disorders have heightened levels of
copper in their system

Chromium
(Cr)
A mineral humans require in trace
amounts
Chromium Functions in the
Body:
Enhance the action of insulin
 Metabolism of glucose
 Thyroid function
 Hormonal balance
 Brain function

Dietary needs
Chromium occurs naturally in the
environment and is an essential nutrient
 Widely distributed in food,

– most food supplies only 2mcg per serving

To enhance the mineral’s absorption
– Vitamin C
– Vitamin B
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Once absorbed, it is stored in
– Liver
– soft tissue
– spleen
Food Sources for Chromium
Broccoli
 Turkey
 Grape Juice
 English Muffin
 Potatoes
 Garlic
 Red Wine
 Basil
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Dairy products
are poor sources
RDA
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Dietary intakes cannot be reliably
determined because the content of the
mineral in foods is substantially affected by
agricultural and manufacturing processes

Women
– 25 mcg per day

Men
– 35 mcg per day
50 to 200 micrograms has been proposed by
the National Academy of Sciences.
Chromium Deficiency
Causes
Diets high in simple
sugars
2. Infection
3. Acute exercise
4. Pregnancy and
lactation
5. Stressful states
(physical trauma)
1.
Results
Inhibits the uptake
of glucose by the
cells
2. Elevated blood lipid
levels
1.
To avoid deficiency
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To Avoid Deficiency and Maintain a Good
Intake of Chromium:
Avoid sugar and sugar products, soda pops,
candy, and presweetened breakfast cereals.
Avoid refined, white flour products, such as
white breads and crackers.
Use whole wheat products, wheat germ,
and/or brewer's yeast.
Eat whole foods.
Take a general supplement that contains
chromium, approximately 100-200mcg daily.
What are supplemental sources
of chromium used for?
Type 2 diabetes and glucose
intolerance
 Lipid metabolism
 Body weight and composition
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Fun Facts
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Chromium & Copper: These two elements are the most
important nutrients next to calcium and magnesium for
their anti-inflammatory properties. They are considered
essential to human health.
 Chronically elevated copper levels in most patients may
result from one-sided diets that lack co-factors, or from the
fact that many copper-rich foods are somewhat addictive,
such as cocoa/chocolate, coffee or tea
 Tissue concentrations of chromium vary considerably in
people from different parts of the world, people living in
Asia for example being up to five times higher compared
to those in people living in the United States.
These higher chromium levels may be one reason for a lower
incidence of diabetes or bone loss in these regions or countries.
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Selenium
Function in Our Bodies
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Trace element nutrient
Functions as a cofactor for antioxidant
enzymes called glutathione peroxidases and
thioredoxin reductase
Helps regulate thyroid function
Essential to good health
Helps protect body from poisonous effects of
heavy metals
Assists in making antioxidant enzymes, which
prevent cell damage
Shown to improve production of sperm
Cont’d Functions
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Works with Vitamin E as an antioxidant to
help prevent cancer and heart disease
Helps maintain elasticity in tissue
Protects against cataracts and macular
degeneration
Fights viral infections
Helps in treatment and prevention of dandruff
Is it Synthesized?
No, our bodies do not produce selenium
 We must obtain selenium in our diets

Food Sources

Plant foods are the richest dietary source
 The content in foods depends on the content
of the soil where the plants or animals were
raised
 Animals that eat grains or plants grown in
selenium rich soil will have more selenium in
their muscles
 Can be found in meats, seafood, nuts,
cereals, fish, eggs, bread, broccoli, dairy, fruit
Cont’d Food Sources
Daily Requirement
Age
Males and Females
1-3y
4-8y
9-13y
14-18y
19+y
20 micrograms/day
30 micrograms/day
40 micrograms/day
55 micrograms/day
55 micrograms/day
Deficiency
The following have been associated with selenium
deficiency:
 Keshan Disease, resulting in an enlarged heart and
poor heart functions
 Kashin-Beck Disease, resulting in osteoarthropathy
 Myxedematous Endemic Cretinism, which could
posentially result in mental retardation
Fun Facts

Selenium was discovered by Jons Jacob
Berzelius in 1817 in Stockholm, Sweeden
 Selenium is used in TV, cameras, and
photographic equipment
 From the Greek work “selene” which means
“moon”
Iodine
Functions in Our Bodies
Protein allows body to stabilize sugars
 Needed for metabolism of cells
 Maintain thyroid function
 Production of thyroid hormones
 The hormones regulate body
temperature, maintain resting metabolic
rate and support production and growth

Is it Synthesized?
No, our bodies do not produce iodine
 Even though we only require small
amounts, we must obtain it in our diet

Food Sources
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Saltwater foods have higher amounts of
iodine, such as: kelp, saltwater fish, and
shrimp
 Iodized salt, white and whole-wheat breads
made with iodized salt, milk, and dairy
products
Daily Requirement
Age
1-3y
4-6y
7-10y
11+y
Males and Females
70 micrograms/day
90 micrograms/day
120 micrograms/day
150 micrograms/day
RDA Cont’d

A ¼ Tsp. of iodized table salt provides
95 micrograms of iodine
 A 6-ounce portion of ocean fish contains 650
micrograms of iodine
 Most People are able to meet the RDA by
eating seafood, iodized salt, and plants grown
in iodine-rich soil
Deficiency
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Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Slows
down production of thyroid hormones, which leads to
hypothyroidism. Some symptoms are:
-Decrease in body temperature
-Increase in weight
-Fatigue
-If pregnant, child is at risk of being born with
cretinism
Cretinism, which is preventable mental retardation,
will have stunted growth, deafness, and muteness
Fun Facts
Originates from the Greek word “Iodes”
meaning “violet”
 There isn’t enough salt in the world to
cover the continents 500 feet deep!
 In the 1920’s iodine was added to
American table salt to help prevent
hypothyroidism
 75% of the iodine we consume is in
processed foods
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Bibliography
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Thompson, Janice and Manore, Melinda; “Nutirition: An Applied
Approach”; San Francisco, CA; Pearson Education Inc.; 2006
“Iron Deficiency Anemia”, Wikpedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-Deficiency_Anemia
“Iron”, Wikpedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron
“Iron Deficiency”; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;
August 26, 2006;
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/nutrition_for_everyon
e/iron_deficiency/
“Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Iron”; Office of Dietary
Supplements; July 26, 2005;
http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron.asp
Bibliography Continued
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“Zinc”, Wikpedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc
“Zinc”; Office of Dietary Supplements; December 9, 2002;
http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/zinc.html
Bibliography
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/402/main.html
Thompson, Janice and Manore, Melinda; “Nutirition: An Applied
Approach”; San Francisco, CA; Pearson Education Inc.; 2006
http://www.copper.org/health/homepage.html
http://www.diagnose-me.com/cond/C595519.html