Transcript Cells

Cells
Packet 4
Notes: Cell Membrane Structure
• The cell or plasma membrane is also known as the
________________________________
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER since it has 2 layers.
FLUID MOSAIC
MODEL since it is
• It is known as a ______________
____________
made up of many parts and is not rigid and moves easily.
• The main function of the cell membrane is to maintain
homeostasis by controlling ___________________________
WHAT GOES IN AND OUT
• The cell membrane doesn’t let everything through. It is
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
_________________________________and
only lets certain
things in and out.
Cell Membrane Diagram
Video – Cell membrane
CHOLESTEROL
INTEGRAL PROTEINS
CARB CHAIN
PHOSPHATE HEAD
FATTY ACID TAILS
PHOSPHOLIPID
PERIPHERAL PROTEIN
Parts of the
Membrane:
TYPES:
LIPIDS
Phospholipids
FUNCTION:
PICTURES:
Polar, hydrophilic heads
Nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid
tails
Polar versus
Nonpolar
Polars and nonpolars
DON’T mix!!!
Cholesterol
(Steroids)
Keep the membrane
____________
FLUID
Parts of the
Membrane:
PROTEINS
TYPES:
Integral
FUNCTION:
GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH
THE MEMBRANE TO
__________________THINGS
TRANSPORT
Peripheral
ON THE EDGE OF THE
MEMBRANE TO
RECEIVE SIGNALS
CARBOHYDRATES
IDENTIFY A CELL
_____________
(NAME TAG)
PICTURES:
Concentration Gradient
• Differences in concentration on either side of
a membrane.
Hill Diagram
Active Transport
-Goes against the concentration
gradient (low to high)
-– needs energy (ATP)
High
•P = Pump – solute through a protein
•E = Endocytosis – move into cell
•E = Exocytosis – move out of cell
Low
High
Passive Transport
-Goes with the concentration
gradient (high to low)
- no energy
• D = Diffusion – solute moves (Ex: salt)
• O = Osmosis – water moves
• F = Facilitated Diffusion – solute moves through protein
Low
DIFFUSION – dots such as
salt are moving.
OSMOSIS - dots can’t move so
water moves to dilute the dots
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION – dots are too
big or polar so need to go through a
protein
Miscellaneous
terms
Part of a solution that is
dissolved (Salt)
SOLUTE
SOLVENT
Part of a solution that does the
dissolving (Water)
a solution with a higher
concentration than another
solution. (Water out & cell will
HYPERTONIC shrink)
HYPOTONIC
a solution with a lower
concentration than another
solution. (Water in & cell will
grow)
The dots are the solute and solvent is
the white space or water. The water
dissolves the dots.
Miscellaneous
terms
ISOTONIC
a solution with an equal
concentration to another solution
(Water moves in & out & stays the
same size)
the bursting of an animal cell when
placed in a hypotonic solution.
CYTOLYSIS
the shrinking of a plant cell placed in
a hypertonic solution.
PLASMOLYSIS
TURGOR
PRESSURE
the force that pushes out on a
plant’s cell wall when it is placed into
a hypotonic solution.
Which way will things move?
Given the pictures below, draw arrows in the correct direction to show what will
move. You need 4 different colors to make your key:
Diffusion – Red
Osmosis – Blue
The cell is sitting in a
_______________________
solution.
HYPERTONIC
SHRINK
The cell will _____________________
if
___________________
occurs.
OSMOSIS
Facilitated diffusion – Green
Pump (active transport) – Purple
The cell is sitting in a
_______________________
solution.
HYPOTONIC
GROW
The cell will _____________________
if
___________________
occurs.
OSMOSIS
Real life scenarios – What will happen???
1. A saltwater fish is placed into fresh water. What will happen to the cells of
this fish?
Water will move in and the
fish’s cells will grow.
2. A freshwater fish is placed into a salt water tank. What will happen to the
cells of this fish?
Water will move out and
the fish’s cells will shrink.
3. When it is really humid, doors and windows tend to stick. The higher the
humidity the more water there is in the air. Explain why the doors stick?
Water from the air moves into the wood of the door
causing them to swell so they are harder to close.
Explain the following picture.
Salt on a slug will cause water to move out of the slug to
dilute the salt on the outside of the body. The slug will
dehydrate and die.
Understanding Osmosis &
Diffusion (Passive Transport)
Hypo = less
Hyper = more
Iso = same
When answering the questions, consider the following information:
• The oval in each diagram below represents a cell.
• The black line around the oval is the cell membrane.
• The space between the dots represents the water (solvent) that the solute
is dissolved in.
• The solute (dots) AND solvent (water) is small enough to pass across the
cell membrane.
Cell #1
Cell #2
Cell #3
CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES:
1. The solution outside cell #1 has a/an (higher; LOWER; equal)
concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
2. The solution outside cell #1 is (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) to
the solution inside the cell.
3. The inside of cell #1 is (HYPERTONIC; hypotonic; isotonic) to the
solution surrounding it.
4. The solution outside cell #2 has a/an (HIGHER; lower; equal)
concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
5. The solution outside cell #2 is (HYPERTONIC; hypotonic; isotonic) to
the solution inside the cell.
6. The inside of cell #2 is (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) to the
solution surrounding it.
7. The solution outside cell #3 has a/an (higher; lower; EQUAL)
concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
8. The solution outside cell #3 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; ISOTONIC) to
the solution inside the cell.
DIFFUSION:
9. If diffusion was to occur to cell #1, in which direction
would most of the solute be moving? (into /OUT OF) the
cell.
10.If diffusion was to occur to cell #2, in which direction
would most of the solute be moving? (INTO /out of) the
cell.
11.Describe what happens to the movement of solute for cell
#3. THE SOLUTE WOULD MOVE IN AND OUT.
12.Due to the process of diffusion, the solute or dissolved
material tries to move from an area of higher
concentration into an area of lower concentration
(someplace where it can spread out more). According to
this statement, which of the above cells would lose the
most solute due to diffusion? (CELL #1, CELL #2, CELL #3)
OSMOSIS:
13. If osmosis was to occur in cell #1, which direction would
most of the water be moving? (INTO /out of) the cell.
14. Cell #1 should have (lost ; GAINED; stayed the same)
mass.
15. If osmosis was to occur in cell #2, which direction would
most of the water be moving? (into /OUT OF) the cell.
16. Cell #2 should have (LOST ; gained; stayed the same)
mass.
17. If osmosis was to occur in cell #3, which direction would
most of the water be moving? (INTO & OUT OF) the cell.
18. Cell #3 should have (lost ; gained; STAYED THE SAME)
mass.
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN…
19. Since an animal cell lacks a cell wall, it is important that it be
surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; ISOTONIC)
solution, so that it does not shrink & shrivel up or swell &
rupture due to the effects of osmosis.
20. If red blood cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution, then
the cell would most likely (shrink, SWELL or stay the same
size).
21. When plant cells are full of water, the pressure within the cell
pushes out onto the cell wall, thus allowing the cell to
become more rigid (has turgor pressure). Since this is a good
thing for them, plant cells should be surrounded by a/an
(hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) solution.
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
An ORGANELLE is a tiny structure that performs a specialized function (or job) in the cell.
Structure or
Organelle
What is the function of the
organelle or structure?
(What does it do?)
Is it found in
Prokaryotes
(Yes/No)
Sketch
Nucleolus
Is it found in
Eukaryotes… If so
which ones?
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
NO
YES
YES
DNA
NUCLEUS
Holds & protects the genetic
information of the cell.
Nuclear Envelope
CELL
MEMBRANE
Separates the cell from the
outside and controls what
enters and leaves the cell
CELL WALL
Provides added structure &
support. Found outside the
cell membrane.
RIBOSOME
Location of protein
production
Cell
Membrane
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
Cell Wall
Structure or
Organelle
What is the function of the
organelle or structure?
(What does it do?)
LYSOSOMES
Is it found in
Eukaryotes… If so
which ones?
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
NO
YES
YES
Stacks of membranes that
collect, modify, repackage &
release proteins for use in or
out of the cell.
NO
YES
YES
An organelle that contains
digestive enzymes used to
clean up old worn out parts of
the cell (or waste).
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Transport channel of proteins
(E.R)
GOLGI
APPARTUS
(BODIES)
Sketch
Is it found in
Prokaryotes
(Yes/No)
Uses energy from the sun
CHLOROPLAST to make GLUCOSE .
This process is called
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Structure or
Organelle
What is the function of the
organelle or structure?
(What does it do?)
Sketch
Is it found
Is it found in
in
Eukaryotes… If so which
Prokaryotes
ones?
(Yes/No)
Bacteria
ATP
MITOCHONDRIA Makes _______ - a usable
form of cell energy. This
process is called
Plants
Animals
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Plant Cell
VACUOLE
Sac like structure that stores
materials such as water, salts,
carbs, and proteins.
Vacuole
(Large
(Small)
Central)
Nucleus
Framework of filaments and
CYTOSKELETONfibers that supports the cell
structure.
YES
YES
YES
Structure or
Organelle
What is the function of the
organelle or structure?
(What does it do?)
Sketch
Is it found in
Is it found in
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes… If so
(Yes/No)
which ones?
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
YES
NO
YES
Part of the cytoskeleton –
many small hairs that helps
with movement as well
NO
NO
YES
CENTRIOLES Part of the cytoskeleton that
help with cell division
NO
NO
YES
Part of the cytoskeleton –
FLAGELLUM long whip-like tail that
helps with movement
CILIA
Flagellum
Pathway for Proteins:
proteins made at ribosome
proteins travel thru E.R.
Proteins modified/
sorted/shipped out of Golgi
Notes: Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Theory
•All living things are made up of one or more cells
•Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of an organism.
•All cells come from pre-existing cells.
All cells can be divided into one of two categories based
upon their complexity:
oProkaryotic Cells are very SMALL
NUCLEUS
Do not have a __________(the
part that contains the
DNA)
Do not have membrane bound ORGANELLES
UNICELLULAR
 Usually small and _______________(meaning
they
are made up of a single cell)
Example: BACTERIA
Eukaryotic Cells are LARGER
Have a NUCLEUS
Have membrane bound ORGANELLES
Can be both unicellular and MULTICELLULAR
Example: Cells of PLANTS & ANIMALS
 Structures that are common to all cells are:
DNA
CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
RIBOSOMES
Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement:
Statement
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1. Organisms that have cells lacking internal
membrane bound structures.
X
2.
Do not have a nucleus
X
3.
Can be either single-celled or made up of
many cells
4. Are always single-celled organisms.
5.
Organisms that have cells containing
membrane bound organelles
X
X
X
How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?
How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?
INSIDE
Endosymbiotic Theory – endo means ____________________________,
RELATIONSHIP
symbiotic means ____________________________
so……
PROKARYOTES
– Smaller __________________________
entered inside larger prokaryotes.
– The smaller prokaryote(s) got ___________________________________.
PROTECTION
ENERGY
– The larger prokaryote got _____________________________________.
• This smaller cell was really good at producing _____________
and
ATP
MITOCHONDRIA
came to be known as the _________________________.
– Eventually a 2nd small prokaryotic cell was engulfed by the larger cell…
• This cell was really good at absorbing solar energy and using it to make
CHLOROPLAST
food for itself and came to be known as the _________________.
Support for the endosymbiotic theory:
• Unlike other organelles, mitochondria &
chloroplasts both ___________________
REPRODUCE
independently of the cell.
• Both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain
DNA
their own __________
MEMBRANES
• Both have two ___________________around
them.
AUTOGENY
_____________________________
Theory – organelles formed
when the plasma membrane folded inward producing membranes
inside of the cell. Some of the infolds broke off forming various
organelles.
Endosymbiosis
Animation
Cell Specialization
Type of cell
Picture
Function
Nerve cell
Long and forms chains with
other nerve cells to send
signals through the body
Villi in the small
intestine
Increased surface area to
absorb many nutrients
Red blood cell
Round to fit through blood
vessels
Sperm cell
Has a tail (flagella) for
swimming
Skin cells
Many layers to protect the
body
Cell Specialization
1. Why are cells specialized?
1. So different cells can perform different
functions.
2. What are stem cells? –
2. Cells that can become anything. They have not
differentiated or become specialized yet.
Microscopes
Types of Microscopes
1. Compound Light Microscope:
• Uses two lenses: OBJECTIVES and OCULAR (EYEPIECE)
• Used to magnify and show detail of a TRANSLUCENT specimen
(one that light can pass through).
• Image is INVERTED as a result of the lenses that are used.
• Can magnify up to 1500-2000 times (The ones we have only magnify up
to 400 times).
• The equation below is used to calculate total magnification:
• Total magnification = magnification of
X
magnification of
OBJECTIVE lens
OCULAR lens
– Ex: If the eyepiece magnifies the image 10x and the low power
objective magnifies the image 10x, then the total magnification of the
image would be:
10 x 10
= 100
Microscopes Continued
•
FIELD OF VIEW - This is the visible area seen through the microscope
when the specimen is in focus.
• The greater the magnification, the ___________
SMALLER the field of view will be.
LOW POWER
MEDIUM POWER
HIGH POWER
2. Stereomicroscope (also known as ________________________Microscope).
DISSECTING
LARGE
Useful when viewing objects that are too ____________________or
too
___________for
the compound light microscope.
THICK
Unlike the compound light microscope, the images seen are not inverted. This is
TWO
because you are using _______________eyepieces
(binocular scope).
Can only magnify up to _______
- _______times.
4X –
50X
ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
SEM
3. Scanning Electron Microscopes – _______*
SURFACE
– Shows the ________________only
– Can magnify up to __________times
100,000
4. Transmission Electron Microscope – ___________*
TEM
Electrons pass through the object - allows you to “see” INSIDE
_______
200,000
Can magnify up to ___________times
** A big problem of the SEM and TEM is that the specimen must be
DEAD
______________________
in order to view in with one of these microscopes.