Transcript File - Mr. Broun

Chapter 17, Sections 2 & 4
The War for Europe
and North Africa
(Review):
After declaring war on Japan, how
did the U.S. prepare for war?
• Industrialization increased (factories
stopped making consumer products)
• Women and minorities worked in
factories
• 5 million men volunteered for military
service
• In December 1941, Churchill and FDR met
to discuss war strategy
• They decided that they would go after
Germany, Italy, and North Africa first and
then would focus their attention on Japan
• Meanwhile, Hitler had been attacking U.S.
ships off the East Coast (in the Atlantic),
trying to stop supplies from getting to Britain
• Hitler had successfully sunk 681 Allied
ships in the “Battle of the Atlantic” by 1942
• The U.S. started to organize their cargo
ships into convoys with military escorts
• The U.S. military used radar and sonar to
find and sink German U-Boats
• By 1943, the Allies were winning the Battle
of the Atlantic
• By 1943, the Allies were seeing some
victories on land as well
• The Germans and Soviets had been
fighting in the Soviet Union since 1941
• The freezing winters had taken a toll on
Hitler’s army and had slowed them down
• Hitler’s army tried to take Stalingrad in
1942, and they took 9/10 of the city, but the
Soviet people responded with great passion
and fought them off
• On January 13, 1943, the German
commander in Stalingrad surrendered
• The Soviets had lost 1,100,000 people
defending Stalingrad
• The German surrender at Stalingrad was a
turning point in WWII
• The Soviet army began to push the
Germans back toward Germany (to the
West)
• To distract German forces from the Soviet
Union, the Allies launched “Operation
Torch” in 1942
• Allied troops (led by American General
Eisenhower) landed in North Africa
• Allied forces chased German General
Erwin Rommel (the “Desert Fox”) to the
Northern tip of Africa
• In May 1943, Rommel surrendered to
Allied forces at Tunis
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• The Allies captured Sicily in 1943
• The Italian people had been frustrated that
Mussolini dragged them into WWII, and now
that the war was on their home land they
wanted out
• Mussolini resigned on July 25, 1943
• As the Allies moved up from the South,
Hitler sent reinforcements into Northern Italy
• Italy was not freed from German forces
until 1945
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• In 1943, the Allies began a plan to invade
France
• Operation Overlord = the Allied plan to
invade France and free Western Europe
from the Nazis
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower (“Ike”)
was in charge of Operation Overlord
• Eisenhower gathered a force of 3 million
British, American, and Canadian troops
• On D-Day (June 6, 1944), three divisions
of Allied troops parachuted behind German
lines
• They were followed by thousands of
troops coming ashore from the English
Channel
• D-Day was the largest land-sea-air
operation in army history
• Despite the large number of Allied soldiers
used in D-Day, Germany’s defenses were
strong
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• The German fighting against the Allied
invasion was the strongest at Omaha Beach
• Despite heavy casualties, the Allies took
control of the beaches and controlled an 80mile strip in Northern France
• The Allies has landed a million troops in
France within a month of D-Day
• In July, General Omar Bradley coordinated
an air and land attack St. Lo that provided a
crack in the German line
• General George Patton drove his troops
and tanks through this crack and reached
Paris
• On August 23, 1944, the Allies freed
France from Germany
• By September of 1944, the Allies had
freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg
and were ready to move into Germany
• In November 0f 1944, FDR was elected to
his fourth term as U.S. President
Chapter 12, Sections 2 & 4
The War in
the Pacific
• the Allies did not wait until V-E Day to
make their move on Japan
• By April 1941, Japan had a large empire in
the Pacific including:
Hong Kong, Indochina, Malaya, Burma,
Thailand, the Dutch East Indies, Guam,
Wake Island, Solomon Islands, and much of
China
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• Japan even took control of the U.S.
territory Philippine Islands after the attack
on Pear Harbor in 1941
• General MacArthur had been stationed in
the Philippines but was forced to evacuate,
promising the people, “I will return”
• Thousands of American and Filipino
soldiers were not able to escape and were
forced onto the Bataan Peninsula (the
Bataan Death March), where hundreds died
• In the Spring of 1942, the Allies began to
make some progress against Japan
• Lt. Col. James Doolittle led a series of
bombing raids on Japan (Tokyo), known as
Doolittle’s Raid
• American and Australian forces prevented
Japan from taking Australia in the five-day
Battle of Coral Sea
• Japan wanted to capture the strategic
Island of Midway next
• Admiral Chester Nimitz was in charge of
the U.S. naval forces in the Pacific, and he
defended Midway
• By the end of the Battle of Midway, Japan
had lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and
250 planes
• Midway was the turning point in the war in
the Pacific
• After Midway, the Allies began a strategy
called “island hopping”
• Island Hopping = the Allied strategy in the
Pacific of capturing some islands and
skipping others to gain a strategic
advantage and cut off Japanese-controlled
territories from supplies
• With each island, the Allies moved closer
to Japan
• The Allies won the Battle of Guadalcanal
in August 1942 (Japan’s first defeat on
land)
• Japan began to fight harder, using
kamikaze (suicide) pilots who would crash
their planes into Allied ships
• Japan used kamikazes heavily in the
Philippines
• The Allies won the Battle of Leyte Gulf
(Philippines) in October 1944