Transcript Levels of Organization - Petal School District

Cells
Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in
living things.
(Name the five kingdoms of living things.)
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Differences in plant and animal
cells
Plant cells have :
1. Cell walls
2. Chloroplast
3. Large Vacuole
Animal Cells have :
1. NO cell wall
2. NO chloroplast
3. Smaller vacuole
Organelles
Organelles are tiny
structures within the
cell that carry out
specific functions.
Cell Wall
The rigid layer of non-living
material that surrounds the cells of
plants and some organisms.It
supports and protects the cell.
Cell Membrane
Controls what substances come
into and out of a cell.
All cells have a cell membrane.
Nucleus
Large oval structure found
inside the cell.
Cell’s control center,
directing all of the cell’s
activities including
growth and reproduction.
Do You Know???
1.What do we call cells that have a nucleus?
eukaryotic
2.What do we call cells that do not have a nucleus?
3.What do we call organisms made of one cell?
prokaryotic
single-celled
4. What do we call organisms made of more than one cell? multicelled
Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds the nucleus and protects it.
Materials pass in and out of the
nucleus through its small openings or
pores.
Chromatin
Thin strains of genetic
material in the nucleus
that directs the
functions of the cell.
Nucleolus
A structure in the nucleus
where ribosomes are made.
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the clear, thick, gellike fluid between the nucleus and
cell membrane that is constantly
moving. All cells have cytoplasm.
Organelles located here functions to
produce energy, build and transport
needed materials, and store and recycle
waste.
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped organelles that produce
energy the cell needs to carry out
functions.
They are known as the “powerhouses”.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A maze of passageways that
carry proteins and other materials
from part of the cell to another.
Ribosomes
These organelles produce
proteins.
Golgi Bodies
They receive proteins and
materials from the E.R, package
them, and distribute them to
other parts of the cell.
Vacuoles
Store food, water, and other
materials needed by the cell.
They also store waste products.
Lysosomes
These contain chemicals to break
down large food particles and old
cell parts to be recycled.
This is the cell’s “clean-up crew.”
Chloroplasts
The organelles capture energy
from sunlight and use it to
produce food for the cell.
Bacterial Cells
•Bacteria are single (one) – celled microscopic
organisms. Bacteria do not have a
nucleus.(prokaryotic)
Inside a bacterial cell, the chromosome material is
floating inside the cytoplasm.
•Some bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids.
•Ribosomes are also found in the cytoplasm.
•Bacteria have a cell membrane and a cell wall.
Some have a flagellum.
Division of Labor
Within multi-cellular organisms there is division of labor.
Division of labor means that the work (labor) of keeping the
organism alive is divided (division) among the different parts
of the body. Each part has a job to do and as each part does its
special job, it works in harmony with all the other parts.
The arrangement of specialized parts within a living thing is
sometimes referred to as levels of organization.
Levels of Organization
Level One – Cells
Cells are the basic unit
of structure and function
of all living things.
Cells: LOTS of Different Kinds!
Here are two examples. Can you guess what kind?
Nerve Cells
Skin Cells
Second Level: Tissues
In any multi-cellular organism, cells rarely work
alone. Tissues are a group of similar cells that
perform the same function.
There are four basic/major types of
tissues in the human body: Muscle
tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue,
and epithelial tissue.
Let’s Look Again…
Here are the cells we saw before, but if you look closely, you can
see that they all look similar. Nerve cells working together make
nerve tissue, and skin cells make up a special type of epithelial
tissue.
Taken
One
At
A
Time….
Connective tissue
connects and
supports parts of
the body. Blood, fat,
ligaments, cartilage,
bones, and tendons
are all connective
tissues.
Epithelial tissue covers
and lines the surfaces of
your body and organs,
inside and out. They
primarily serve as
protective barriers. Skin
is one example.
Nerve tissue carries
messages back and
forth between the
brain and every other
part of the body. The
brain, spinal cord, and
nerves are made up of
nerve tissue.
Muscle tissue can
contract, or
shorten. Because
of this, muscle
tissue makes
parts of your body
move.
Level Three: Organs
When a bunch of different types of tissues work together,
they form an organ. There are many organs in the body.
How many can you name??
GET IT????
Level Four: Organ Systems
Each organ in your body is
part of an organ system, a
group of organs that work
together to perform a major
function.
For example, your heart is
part of your circulatory
system, which carries oxygen
and other materials
throughout your body.
Besides the heart, blood
vessels are organs that work
in your circulatory system.
The nervous system detects and
interprets information from the
environment outside the body and
from within the body; controls
most body functions.
The immune system fights
disease.
The excretory system removes
wastes.
The endocrine system
controls many body processes
by means of chemicals, like
hormones.
The muscular system enables the
body to move; moves food
through the digestive system, and
keeps the heart beating.
The skeletal system supports and
protects the body, and works with
the muscular system to allow
movement; makes and stores
blood cells and stores some other
materials.
The digestive system takes food
into the body, breaks the food
down into smaller particles, and
absorbs the digested materials.
The respiratory system takes
oxygen into the body and
eliminates carbon dioxide.
The reproductive system
produces sex cells that can
unite with other sex cells to
create offspring; controls male
and female characteristics.
Let’s Review….
• 1st Level: Cells working together form
• 2nd Level: Tissues, which can form
• 3rd Level: Organs, which work together to
form
• 4th Level: Organ Systems, which work
together to form
• 5th Level: Organisms!