Transcript Cold War & The Postwar World - Miami Beach Senior High School

World War II, Cold War
& The Postwar World
Mr. Ermer
World History AP
Miami Beach Senior High
 Two Alliances:
 Allied Powers
 Great Britain
 Empire (India, African colonies, and others)
 Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, and New Zealand)
 The Soviet Union
 France
 The United States
 Latin American allies
 China
 Axis Powers
 Germany
 Italy
 Japan
 Unhappy with terms of the Paris Peace, Japan begins
campaign of territorial expansion in Asia & Pacific
 Civilians lose control of Japanese government and military
 1931: Japan invades Manchuria, Japan withdraws from
League of Nations after the League condemns Japan’s war
 Japanese begin to expand into northern China
 China weak and divided due to civil war
 1936: Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist forces join with
Mao’s Communists in “United Front” against Japanese,
Japan takes capital of Nanjing
 Raping of Nanjing demonstrates horrors of modern war
 Cheng moves the government upriver
 Italy felt disrespected after the Great War
 Gained little territory, economy continued to suffer
 Benito Mussolini promises glory and power
 Italy conquers Libya and Ethiopia by 1936
 Italy annexes Albania with plans to expand in the Balkans
 Italy supports Gen. Franco in Spanish Civil War
 Few Italians wish to fight, Italy’s true diplomatic
intentions remain obscure through 1930s
 Italy never considered a true threat to world order
 1938: Germany annexes Austria
 Hitler demands part of Czechoslovakia
 Munich Conf. grants Hitler the Sudetenland
 1939: Hitler takes the rest of western Czech
 Hitler also controls “independent” Slovakia
 Hitler threatens Poland, Britain offers help
 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
 Secret protocol to divide E. Europe into spheres of influence
 September 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland
 September 3, 1939: The United Kingdom and France declare war on
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Germany
Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” 300 tanks supported by air and ground
support
April 9, 1940: Hitler attacks Denmark, Norway
May 10: attack Netherlands, Belgium, France
June 22: France surrenders, Germans control 3/5 of France, set up
puppet government in Vichy
 August 1940: German Luftwaffe launches air attack of Great
Britain—military only
 Radar provides British early warning
 British bomb Berlin, Hitler unleashes brutal air attack of British
cities—London
 Allows Britain to quickly rebuild air force with American help
 Luftwaffe having trouble with new Royal Air Force
 Hitler postpones invasion of Britain, thinks UK hopes for Soviet help
 Hitler wants British surrender, attacks Soviet Union
 Soviets did not have weapons like Germany, Hitler expects quick win
 Hitler originally wanted to invade USSR in March 1941
 Mussolini’s failed invasion of Greece delays plans
 Hitler invades USSR June 22, 1941
 Germany advances quickly, but Soviets stop them in early winter
 Germans unprepared for Russian winter, fail, Soviets advance
Battle of Stalingrad
 1940: Japan occupies French Indochina
 The United States offers support to Britain and USSR
 Also places a trade embargo on Japan to protest aggression
 December 7, 1941: Japanese launch surprise attack on the
U.S. Pacific naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawai’i
 Japan quickly advances on many targets across the Pacific
 “Asia for Asians” slogan to unite Asians against western powers
 United States declare war on Japan the following day
 Germany & Italy declare war on the United States days later
 East Asia Co-Prosperity Zone
 Created for easy exploitation of Asian resources by Japan
 Soviets push Germans back across Eastern Europe
 Eastern Front disintegrates in midst of heavy casualties
 American entrance is turning point of war
 Germany cannot out produce American industry for supplies
 U.S. and British forces attack German army in N. Africa
 North Africa the “soft underbelly” of Axis power, launch pad to
Italy—Americans, British, and Soviets for “Grand Alliance”
 1943: Allies defeat Axis Powers in North Africa
 1944: American and British forces occupy Italy
 June 6, 1944: Allied “D-Day” invasion of Normandy
 Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe Dwight D.
Eisenhower leads final push toward Germany
 Soviets enter Berlin first, U.S. and Britain close behind
 May 8, 1945: Germany surrenders to Allies
 Pearl Harbor attack spares American aircraft carrier fleet
 June 1942: US ambush sinks 4 Japanese carriers at Midway
 Gen MacArthur begins offensive in Philippines
 Combined Army, Marine, and Navy “island hopping” force chip away at
Japanese Pacific territory
 Early 1945: US hold Iwo Jima & Okinawa, in range for invasion of Japanese
homeland
 Japanese employ kamikaze attacks
 Allies begin constant fire bombing of Japan
 April 1945: US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt dies from stroke,
replaced by Vice President Harry Truman
 Allied forces approach Japanese homeland
 Japanese refuse to surrender
 Truman must decide to use new atomic bomb
 August 6, 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Japanese city Hiroshima
 Emperor refuses to surrender
 Aug 9, 1945: Soviets declare war on Japan, US drops second atom bomb
on port city of Nagasaki
 Japan Surrenders on August 14, 1945
Origins of the Cold War
►
U.S. & Soviets have different views of how postwar
world should look
 The Atlantic Charter (1941) Nations should solve problems
through diplomacy—through an international organization—and
nations of the world should be free w/ self determination
► Signed
by United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)
► Soviets secretly want to take control of Eastern Europe after war
► British nervous about what A.C. means for their worldwide empire
 Churchill and Stalin want the great powers to control
different “spheres of influence”
► Casablanca Conf: Agree for total surrender of Axis
► Teheran Conf: Soviets agree to help with Japan after
European war ends, disagreement over Poland’s future
The Yalta Conference
The Big Three meet in February 1945
► Roosevelt seeks Soviet help with Japan
►
 Promises Japanese land to Stalin in exchange
►
Creation of a new United Nations
 Security Council: US, UK, France, USSR, China
 First meeting set for April 1945 in San Francisco
►
After war Germany to be split into four sectors
controlled by US, UK, USSR & France, based on troop
placement at the end of the war
 Berlin too would be divided into four sectors
►
Future of Poland left uncertain
 Soviets already held Poland, installed pro-communist gov’t
Potsdam and New Struggles
►
Truman, now president, not as familiar with international
politics as FDR, uses “Get Tough Policy”
 FDR believed Stalin would ultimately listen to reason, Truman did
not trust Russians in general, and was suspicious of Stalin
►
July 1945: Potsdam Conference, Germany
 Truman demands elections for all of Europe, fails
 Stalin wins battle to move Polish border into German territory
 Truman convinces Stalin to accept no reparations from Allied
controlled parts of Germany, assuring Germany would stay
split
 Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg,
Germany(1945-1946)
►
Churchill: “iron curtain has descended on the continent”
splitting Europe east/west
Two Super Powers
► After
WWII, USA and USSR emerge as
superpowers (military & political power)
► Disagreements over how to rebuild Europe
► 1947:Truman Doctrine
 U.S. will help any country fight Communism
 Fear of the spread of Soviet influence
The Marshall Plan
► U.S.
Gen. George C. Marshall offers plan to
help Europe recover from World War II
► Soviet satellite states refuse the help
 Soviet plans to help failed, not enough money
► Policy
of Containment: United States vow
to keep Communism from spreading past its
current boundaries, fight against Soviet
aggression.
Division of Germany
► After
war, Germany divided into four parts
 U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K. & France split control
► Berlin,
German capital, also split in four
 Berlin was located deep in Soviet East Germany
► West
Germany united, Soviets blockade
 Soviets block supplies from reaching W. Berlin
► Berlin
Air Lift: supplies are flown into
West Berlin by U.S. Air Force
Cold War Heats Up
► 1949:
Communists take control of China
 Americans worried about Communism’s spread
 Soviets detonate an atomic bomb
► Arms
Race: Soviets and Americans build
up militaries and weapons, improve bombs
► Both superpowers had the power to destroy
each other with nuclear weapons, so neither
risked using them; alliances build
The Bi-Polar World
► The
world splits into Communist and AntiCommunist alliances:
► NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):
U.S., U.K., Belgium, Lux, France, The Neth.,
Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland,
Canada, W. Germany, Turkey, Greece
► Warsaw Pact: U.S.S.R. & Eastern Block
► By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations against
Communism
Berlin Wall
► Arms
race builds steam with hydrogen
bomb, ICBMs and stronger nukes
► 1957: Soviet Sputnik I reaches space
 USA believes it’s losing space race/arms race
► Nikita
Khrushchev, new Soviet leader,
sees problem with East Germans escaping
to the much richer, freer West Berlin
► Soviets build a wall around West Berlin
Cuban Missile Crisis
► 1959:
Fidel Castro gains power in Cuba
 Kennedy’s Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba fails
► 1962:
Soviets send nuclear missiles to Cuba
 To answer for US missiles in Turkey
► Oct.
1962: Russian ships, carrying missiles,
headed for Cuba; Kennedy orders blockade
► Soviets agree to leave Cuba, US promises not to
invade Cuba
► To avoid nuclear war, a “hotline” was created
between Washington D.C. and Moscow
Domino Theory
► Domino
Theory: If Vietnam falls to
Communism, the rest of Asia will fall “like
dominos” one after the other
► Vietnam fighting civil war North vs. South
 North Vietnam: Communist (w/ Soviets & China)
 South Vietnam: Democratic (helped by USA)
► 1973:
President Nixon withdraws from conflict
► North wins, domino theory unfounded, limits
to American power made clear