Transcript Supporting Standard (7)

Supporting standards comprise
35% of the U. S. History Test
7E&F
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(E) Analyze major military events of
World War II, including the Battle of
Midway, the U. S. military
advancement through the Pacific
islands, the Bataan Death March, the
invasion of Normandy, fighting the
war on multiple fronts, & the
liberation of concentration camps
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(E) 1 Analyze major military events of
World War II, including the Battle of
Midway
The Battle of Midway
June 4-7, 1942
One of the most important naval battles of
World War II
Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank Jack
Fletcher, & Raymond A. Spruance decisively
defeated an attack by the Imperial Japanese
Navy inflicting irreparable damage on the
Japanese fleet.
Military historian John Keegan called it “the
most stunning and decisive blow in the history
of naval warfare.” It was Japan’s first naval
defeat in 350 years.
Coming six months after Pearl Harbor, it gave a
tremendous boost to U. S. morale.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(F) 4 Evaluate the military
contributions of leaders during World
War II, including Chester A. Nimitz
Chester W. Nimitz
Assuming command at the most
critical period of the war in the
Pacific, native Texan Admiral
Nimitz successfully organized his
forces to halt the Japanese
advance despite the losses from
the attack on Pearl Harbor and
the shortage of ships, planes and
supplies. As rapidly as ships,
men, and material became
available, Nimitz shifted to the
offensive and defeated the
Japanese navy in the Battle of the
Coral Sea, the pivotal Battle of
Midway, & in the Solomon
Islands Campaign.
The Japanese operation, like the earlier attack on Pearl
Harbor, sought to eliminate the United States as a strategic
power in the Pacific, thereby giving Japan a free hand in
establishing its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
The Japanese hoped that another demoralizing defeat would force
the U.S. to capitulate in the Pacific War and thus ensure Japanese
dominance in the Pacific.
The Japanese plan was to lure the United States’ aircraft carriers
into a trap. The Japanese also intended to occupy Midway as part of
an overall plan to extend their defensive perimeter in response to
the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo. This operation was also considered
preparatory for further attacks against Fiji, Samoa, and Hawaii.
The plan was handicapped by faulty Japanese assumptions of the
American reaction and poor initial dispositions. Most significantly,
American code breakers were able to determine the date and
location of the attack, enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to set up
an ambush of its own.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(E) 2 Analyze major military events of
World War II, including the U. S.
military advancement through the
Pacific islands
Pacific Theater
Battlefield
Lexicon
Amphibious
Landing
A landing made by sea
Island Hopping
Taking only the strategic Japaneseheld islands and by-passing other
more strongly fortified ones
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(E) 3 Analyze major military events of
World War II, including the Bataan
Death March
The Bataan Death March began on April 9, 1942. It was
the forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of
60,000–80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of
war after the three-month Battle of Bataan in
the Philippines.
Approximately 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650
American prisoners of war died before they could reach
their destination at Camp O'Donnell. The reported
death tolls vary, especially amongst Filipino POWs,
because historians cannot determine how many
prisoners blended in with the civilian population and
escaped.
The 80-mile march went from Mariveles, Bataan, to
San Fernando, Pampanga. From San Fernando,
survivors were loaded to a box train and they were
brought to Camp O'Donnell in Capas, Tarlac.
It was characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse—
beatings, bayonettings, denial of food & water all on top
of heat exhaustion in the tropical heat—and even
murder, and resulted in very high fatalities inflicted
upon prisoners and civilians alike by the Japanese
Army, and was later judged by an Allied military
commission to be a Japanese war crime.
Once they arrived in Balanga, the overcrowded
conditions and poor hygiene caused dysentery and
other diseases to rapidly spread among the prisoners.
The Japanese failed to provide them with medical care.
Even after arriving at Camp O'Donnell, the survivors of
the march continued to die at a rate of 30–50 per day.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(E) 4 Analyze major military events of
World War II, including the invasion
of Normandy
Operation
Overlord
The Code name for the Allied invasion of Western Europe
D-Day—June 6,
1944
At 6:30 a.m., the largest amphibious invasion in history
began. It became the beginning of the end for Hitler’s
dream of a Thousand Year German Reich.
What Was
Necessary for
Success on June 6,
1944?
• Huge reserve of
supplies
• Secrecy
• Clear weather
• The Invasion of
Normandy was the invasion
Supreme command of the Allied armies
and establishment of
went to Dwight Eisenhower. Before D-Day,
he encouraged American G.I.’s as they
Western Allied forces in
prepared to participate in the “Normandy
Invasion.”
Normandy,
The Allied
invasion force successfully
during
Operation
stormed
the Normandy
Overlord
in 1944. beaches
At theand set in
motion a train of military events that
timelead
it was
largest
would
to thethe
liberation
of France and
her the ultimateinvasion
surrender to
of Hitler’s
amphibious
ever
Riech.
take place.Third
-Day,
the date of
the initial assaults, was
Tuesday June 6, 1944
The Normandy invasion began with overnight
parachute and glider landings, massive air
attacks and naval bombardments. In the early
morning, amphibious landings began on five beaches.
During the evening the remaining elements of the
parachute divisions landed. Land forces used on D-Day
deployed from bases along the south coast of England,
the most important of these being Portsmouth.
Only 10 days each month were suitable for launching the
operation: a day near the full Moon was needed both for
illumination during the hours of darkness and for the spring
tide, the former to illuminate navigational landmarks for the
crews of aircraft, gliders and landing craft, and the latter to
expose defensive obstacles placed by the German forces in the
surf on the seaward approaches to the beaches.
At a vital meeting on 5 June, Eisenhower’s chief
meteorologist) forecast a brief improvement in the
weather for June 6. On the strength of his forecast,
Eisenhower ordered the invasion to proceed.
The Germans meanwhile took comfort from the existing
poor conditions, which were worse over Northern France
than over the English Channel itself, and believed no
invasion would be possible for several days.
The Normandy landings were the first successful
opposed landings across the English Channel in more
than eight centuries.
Allied casualties & losses by July 24 are
estimated variously between 113,000 &
1,200 soldiers
They were costly in terms of men, but the defeat inflicted
on the Germans was one of the largest of the war.
Strategically, the campaign led to the loss of the German
position in most of France and the secure establishment
of a new major front.
In larger context the Normandy landings helped the
Soviets on the Eastern front, who were facing the bulk of
the German forces and, to a certain extent, contributed to
the shortening of the conflict there.
Allied intelligence & counterintelligence efforts were
successful beyond expectations. The Operation
Fortitude deception before the invasion kept German
attention focused on the Pas de Calais, and indeed highquality German forces were kept in this area, away from
Normandy, until July.
Allied air operations also contributed significantly to the
invasion, via close tactical support, interdiction of
German lines of communication (preventing timely
movement of supplies and reinforcements—particularly
the critical Panzer units), and rendering the
Luftwaffe ineffective in Normandy.
Despite initial heavy losses in the assault phase, Allied
morale remained high. Casualty rates among all the
armies were tremendous, and the Commonwealth forces
had to use a recently created category—Double Intense—
to be able to describe them.
The Normandy invasion became the setting
for the highly popular Steven Spielberg
movie Saving Private Ryan
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(E) 5 Analyze major military events of
World War II, including fighting the
war on multiple fronts
Western allies
(blue), Soviet &
allies (red) and
Axis (black),
December, 1942
Military
Operations
• The Strategy of “Operation Torch”
• Invasion of North Africa followed by. . .
– Advances in the Mediterranean area
• Why the Allied victory in North Africa was significant It
opened the Mediterranean Sea to Allied shipping
– It made invasion of Southern Europe possible
• Other victories helping the Allied cause Coral Sea
– Midway
– Guadalcanal
The European
Theater of
action during
World War II
The
Pacific
Theater
of action
during
World
War II
Areas of the World in
Which Most of the
Fighting Occurred
The European Theater
The Pacific Theater
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Geography of the
War
e. g., Sicily
Anzio
Stalingrad
English Channel
Normandy
Allied leadership choose to take
New Guinea
out what it believed to be the
Philippine
greater threat—Nazi German—
Islands
and then finish off Japan .
The challenge of a “two-front war” forced
decisions about deployment of Allied resources.
In the end . . .
German military leadership enjoyed conspicuous success
in the early war years. Herman Goering’s Luftwaffe, along
with the panzer unites of the Wehrmacht rolled over
virtually all opposition. The latter war years proved more
challenging for Germany. When Hitler failed to bomb
Britain into submission in 1940 (the celebrated “Battle of
Britain”), he made the same fatal error that Napoleon
Bonaparte that made a century and a quarter earlier:
invade Russia. Disregarding his earlier alliances with
Joseph Stalin, Hitler sent his army east in search of
lebensraum—living space—that the German people could
enjoy over future generations of the anticipated
“Thousand Year Reich.” If German division were
successful in their early intrusions onto Russian soil. They
met with the same fate as Napoleon’s Grand Armee. The
rapid German advance bogged down. At the Battle for
Stalingrad, the Germans foundered.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(E) 6 Analyze major military events of
World War II, including the liberation
of concentration camps
See also
7D
An American soldier and
liberated prisoners of the
Mauthausen concentration
camp—Austria, May 1945
The camps were liberated by the Allied and
Soviet forces between 1944 and 1945. The first
major camp, Majdanek, was discovered by the
advancing Soviets on July 23,
1944. Aiscjwotz was liberated, also by the
Soviets, on January 27, 1945; Buchenwald by the
Americans on April 11; Bergen-Gelsen by the
British on April 15; Dachau by the Americans on
April 29; Ravensbrück by the Soviets on the
same day; Mauthausen by the Americans on May
5; and Theresienstadt by the Soviets on May 8.
• Colonel William W. Quinn of the U.S. 7th Army said
of Dachau: “There our troops found sights, sounds,
and stenches horrible beyond belief, cruelties so
enormous as to be incomprehensible to the normal
mind.”
Liberators confronted unspeakable conditions
in the Nazi camps, where piles of corpses lay
unburied. Only after the liberation of these
camps was the full scope of Nazi horrors
exposed to the world. The small percentage of
inmates who survived resembled skeletons
because of the demands of forced labor and the
lack of food, compounded by months and years
of maltreatment. Many were so weak that they
could hardly move. Disease remained an everpresent danger, and many of the camps had to
be burned down to prevent the spread of
epidemics. Survivors of the camps faced a long
and difficult road to recovery.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(F) Evaluate the military contributions
of leaders during World War II,
including Omar Bradley, Dwight
Bradley
Eisenhower, Douglas
MacArthur,
Patton
Eisenhower
Chester A. Nimitz,
George Marshall, &
George Patton
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(F) 1 Evaluate the military
contributions of leaders during World
War II, including Omar Bradley
Omar Nelson Bradley was a U. S. Army field
commander in North Africa and Europe
during World War II, and a General of the Army.
From the Normandy landings through the
end of the war in Europe, Bradley had
command of all U.S. ground forces invading
Germany from the west; he ultimately
commanded forty-three divisions and 1.3
million men, the largest body of American
soldiers ever to serve under a U.S. field
commander.
General Bradley was the last of only nine
people to hold five-star rank in the U. S.
Armed Forces.
After 1943 service in North Africa & Sicily, Bradley moved
to London as commander in chief of the American ground
forces preparing to invade France in 1944. For D-Day,
Bradley was chosen to command the US First Army, which
alongside the British Second Army made up General
Montgomery's 21st Army Group.
• Later, Bradley's command took the initial brunt of what would
become the Battle of the Bulge.
• Unlike some of the more colorful generals of World War II,
Bradley was polite and courteous in his public appearances. A
reticent man, Bradley was first favorably brought to public
attention by war correspondent Ernie Pyle, who was urged by
General Eisenhower to “go and discover Bradley.” Pyle
subsequently wrote several dispatches in which he referred to
Bradley as the GI's general, a title that would stay with Bradley
throughout his remaining career.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(F) 2 Evaluate the military
contributions of leaders during World
War II, including Dwight Eisenhower
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
“Ike” as he was
known was
commander of
the Allied
forces in
Europe
Allied
Expeditionary
Force Supreme
Commander
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
• Dwight David “Ike” Eisenhower was a 5-star in the U.
S. Army during World War II and served as Supreme
Commander of the Allied Forces; he had
responsibility for planning and supervising the
invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–
43; Operation Avalanche in Italy; and the costly but
successful Operation Overlord, the successful invasion
of France & Germany in 1944–45 from the Western
Front.
On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as
Commanding General, European Theater of
Operations (ETOUSA), based in London
• In recognition of his senior position in the Allied
command, on December 20, 1944 he was promoted to
General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field
Eisenhower
at Germany’s
Marshal
in most European
armies. In this and the
previous
high commandssurrendered
he held, Eisenhower
showed his
unconditionally
in May
great talents for leadership and diplomacy.
7, 1945
• He won the respect of front-line commanders. He
interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill,
Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles
de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill
and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these
rarely upset his relationships with them.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(F) 3 Evaluate the military
contributions of leaders during World
War II, including Douglas MacArthur
Douglas
MacArthur—
commander of
American forces
in the Pacific
Theater
General of the Army
Douglas
MacArthur played a
prominent role in the
Pacific Theater during
World War II,
receiving the Medal of
Honor for his service
in the Philippines
Campaign, which
made him and his
father Arthur
MacArthur Jr., the
first father and son to
be awarded the medal.
He was one of only five men ever to rise to the
rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army,
and the only man ever to become a field
marshal in the Philippine Army.
• MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as
commander of U. S. Army Forces in the Far
East. A series of disasters followed, starting
with the destruction of his air forces on
December 8, 1941, and the invasion of the
Philippines by the Japanese.
• MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to
withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until
May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family
and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island
and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur
became Supreme Commander, Southwest
Pacific Area.
MacArthur directed the Papuan Campaign
(1942), the New Guinea Campaign (1943), & the
Philippine Campaign (1944-1945)
After more than two years
of fighting in the Pacific,
he fulfilled a promise to
return to the Philippines.
He officially accepted
Japan's surrender on
September 2, 1945. His
famous speech, in which
he said, "I came through
and I shall return", was
first made at Terowie, a MacArthur signing the
Japanese surrender aboard
small town in South
Australia, on March20, USS Missouri, Sep. 2,1945.
1942.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(F) 5 Evaluate the military
contributions of leaders during World
War II, including George C. Marshall
George Catlett Marshall, Jr. was an American
military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, and described
by Winston Churchill as he “organizer of victory” for his
leadership of the Allied victory in World War II.
• Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of
Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser
to President Roosevelt.
• As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest
military expansion in U.S. history, inheriting an
outmoded, poorly equipped army of 189,000 men and,
partly drawing from his experience teaching and
developing techniques of modern warfare as an
instructor at the Army War College, coordinated the
large-scale expansion and modernization of the U.S.
Army.
He was a skilled organizer with a talent for inspiring other officers.
Many of the American generals who were given top commands
during the war were either picked or recommended by Marshall.
• During World War II, Marshall was instrumental in
preparing the U.S. Army and Army Air Force for the
invasion of the European continent. Marshall wrote the
document that would become the central strategy for all
Allied operations in Europe.
• President Roosevelt didn’t want to lose his presence in
the states. He told Marshall, “I didn't feel I could sleep
at ease if you were out of Washington.”
• On December 16, 1944, Marshall became the first
American general to be promoted to five-star rank, the
newly created General of the Army—the American
equivalent rank to field marshal.
Supporting Standard (7)
The Student understands the domestic &
international impact of U. S. participation
in World War II
The Student is expected to:
(F) Evaluate the military contributions
of leaders during World War II,
including George Patton
George S. Patton
American General
Patton took on
Rommel in North
Africa. In 1970, he
became the subject
of a popular movie
starring George C.
Scott.
Patton is often viewed today as the
prototype of the intolerant, impulsive
commander.
George Smith Patton, Jr. was a general in the U. S. Army,
best known for his command of the Seventh U. S. Army,
and later the Third U. S. Army in the European Theater.
• Following the invasion of Poland and the outbreak
of World War II in Europe in 1939, the U.S. military
entered a period of mobilization, and Patton sought to
build up the power of U.S. armored forces.
• Patton became the most prominent figure in U.S. armor
doctrine, staging a high-profile mass exercise driving
1,000 tanks and vehicles from Columbus, Ga. to Panama
City, Fla. & back in December 1940, and again with his
entire division of 1,300 vehicles the next month.
• From his first days as a commander, Patton strongly
emphasized the need for armored forces to stay in
constant contact with opposing forces.
During the war, Patton
acquired the nickname
“Old Blood and Guts,”
because of his enthusiasm
for battle; soldiers under
his command at times
quipped, “our blood, his
guts.” Still, he was known
to be admired widely by
the men under his charge.
Secretary of War Henry
Stimson praised Patton
for “his aggressive,
winning leadership in the
bitter battles which are to
come before final
victory.”
Patton participated in the North African Campaign
(Operation Torch, 1942); the Sicily Campaign (Operation
Husky, 1943); the liberation of France (1944) & taking of
Germany (1945).
• Patton was made a prominent figure in the deception
operation, Fortitude, prior to the Normandy invasion in early
1944. He was actually training the Third Army. As a result of
Operation Fortitude, the German 15th Army remained at Pas
de Calais to defend against Patton's supposed attack. Patton
flew into France a month after D-Day & returned to combat
duty.
• Patton's Third Army formed on the extreme right (west) of the
Allied land forces. Patton's strategy with his army favored
speed and aggressive offensive action, though his forces saw
less opposition than did the other three Allied field armies in
the initial weeks of its advance, & constantly pressured
withdrawing German forces to prevent them from regrouping
and reforming a cohesive defensive line.
The speed of the advance forced Patton's units to rely heavily on air
reconnaissance and tactical air support. The Third Army had by far
more military intelligence (G-2) officers at headquarters specifically
designated to coordinate air strikes than any other army.
• In its advance from the Rhine to the Elbe, Patton's Third Army,
which numbered between 250,000 and 300,000 men at any given
time, captured 32,763 square miles (84,860 km2) of German
territory. Its losses were 2,102 killed, 7,954 wounded, and 1,591
missing. German losses in the fighting against the Third Army
totaled 20,100 killed, 47,700 wounded, and 653,140 captured.
• Between becoming operational in Normandy on August 1, 1944
and the end of hostilities on May 9, 1945, the Third Army was in
continuous combat for 281 days. In that time, it crossed 24 major
rivers and captured 81,500 square miles (211,000 km2) of
territory, including more than 12,000 cities and towns. The Third
Army claimed to have killed, wounded, or captured 1,811,388
German soldiers (Third Army Records document only 1,443,888),
six times its strength in personnel.
The Alliance
Structure
• The Allies
–Great Britain
–France
–Soviet Union
• The Axis
Powers
–Germany
–Italy
–Japan
The three
totalitarian
nations that
signed the
AntiComintern
pact formed
the so-called
Berlin-RomeTokyo “Axis”
“World War II had a greater impact than the
Great Depression on the future of American life. . .
. The nation underwent sweeping social and
economic changes at home. . . . When victory
came in 1945, the United States was by far the
most powerful nation in the world. But instead of
the enduring peace that might have permitted a
return to a less active foreign policy, the onset of
the Cold War with the Soviet Union brought on a
new era of tension and conflict. This time the
United States could not retreat from
responsibility. World War II was the coming of
age for American foreign policy.”
Impact of the War
•
•
•
•
The U.S. reached its military potential
It had a monopoly of the atomic bomb
It had no choice but to be involved in world affairs
The war brought industrial recovery, and end to
the Great Depression, and unparalleled prosperity
• Completely unregulated free enterprise was a
thing of the past
• Big government with huge deficits became the
norm
Fini