US Enters WWII - Cloudfront.net
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WW II
1940 - 1945
U.S. Enters the War
December
8, 1941: FDR
appears before joint
session of Congress
declaring Dec. 7 "a day
that will live in infamy"
Congress votes to declare
war on Japan
December
10: Japanese
forces invade the
Philippines
December 11: Germany &
Italy declare war on US
December
17: Admiral
Charles Nimitz given
command of Pacific Fleet
–Admiral Husband Kimmel
(commander at Pearl
Harbor) relieved of duty
December
20: FDR signs
Draft Act
December 22: Churchill
comes to Washington to
confer with FDR
Japanese Aggression
Continues
Dec.
1941: Guam, Wake,
Gilbert Islands fall
Spring 1942: Singapore,
Hong Kong, Burma,
Malay, Dutch E. Indies fall
Japan
dominates 450
million people in their
“Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere”
The
Home Front
Military Mobilization
Dec.
15: Congress passes
3rd Supplemental Defense
Appropriations Act
totaling $10,000,000,000
258,000
women enlist
–WAACS (Women's
Auxiliary Army Corps)
–WAVES (Women
Appointed for Voluntary
Emergency Service)
16
million people served
by end of war
Economic Mobilization
1942:
War Production
Board
–Regulates all non-essential
production
–Regulates use of raw
materials
War Production
Emergency
Price Control
Act
–Office of Price
Administration (OPA) set
prices & rationing (coupon
books)
–FDR freezes wages &
prices to halt inflation
War
Labor Board
–Sought to keep wages on
pace with cost of living rise
5
million women join labor
force
Population shifted from
NE to South & SW regions
Rosie the Riveter
US
clocks set ahead 1
hour for Daylight Savings
Time & stays throughout
the war
Rationing
begins:
–Gasoline, tires, meat,
coffee, sugar, etc.
–Shoe rationing begins: 3
pairs per person per year
–Point (coupon) rationing
system for food
Smith-Connolly
Labor
Dispute Act (1943)
–Required unions to give 30
day notice before strike in
war plants & outlaws
strikes in governmentoperated plants
May
1943: John L. Lewis
calls for soft coal miners
strike
–FDR orders mines to be
seized & strike called off
Federal
Government
seizes the railroads when
strikes are threatened
Office
of War Mobilization
created to coordinate war
efforts
Withholding of income for
taxes expanded to pay for
war
Wartime Discrimination
Dec.
1941: Alien
registration begins
focusing on Japanese &
plans begin for internment
June
1943: Detroit Race
Riot
–Anti-Black labor riots put
down by federal troops
A.
Philip Randolph,
“Father of Civil Rights
Movement,” emerges
Feb.
1942: Japanese
relocation begins
–Executive Order 9066
–100,000 Nisei lose property
& forced into camps
–Korematsu v. US
Bracero
Program
Internment Camps
Manhattan Project
1939:
Einstein & Fermi
warn FDR about German
A-bomb research
1942: US research begins
on building A-bomb
1942:
The Critical Year
The Grand Alliance
Coalition
of nations at war
with Axis Powers
January 1942: FDR &
Churchill agree to a
“Hitler first” policy
Fighting in the Pacific
Feb.
1942: Battle of the
Java Sea
–Allied naval forces virtually
wiped out
Philippines Fall
March
1942: General
MacArthur forced to flee
–Vows “I shall return!”
–Assumes command of
Allies in Australia
Bataan Death March
Bataan Death March
April
1942: 75,000 Filipino &
Americans surrender in the
Philippines
Marched 100 miles
to concentration
camp while
thousands die
Doolittle Raid
April:
16 US bombers
under Maj. General
Doolittle bomb Tokyo
–Survivors land in China
–Major moral
booster
Battle of the Coral Sea
May:
First major carrier
battle
–US inflict heavy losses on
Japan saving Australia
Battle of Midway
June:
Pacific
naval battle
Japanese lose
naval superiority
Major turning
point in Pacific
Japanese
take Kiska &
Attu islands in the
Aleutians
US begins ALCAN
highway to connect
Alaska to contiguous
states
Guadalcanal
August:
US forces land &
begin first battle in
grueling "island-hopping"
plan to reach Japanese
Islands
Guadalcanal
Naval
Battle: US defeats
major Japanese fleet
–Forces Japan to abandon
plans to support its forces
on Guadalcanal
European Strategy
May:
German U-Boats
drop German saboteurs
on Atlantic coast
–Rounded up & executed
June:
Office of War
Information established
for propaganda
June: Office of Strategic
Services (OSS) created
–Headed by William “Wild
Bill” Donovan
–Becomes CIA after war
Churchill
meets FDR in
Washington to plan
invasion of North Africa
June: Eisenhower
becomes commander of
Allied forces
July:
Allied bombing of
Germany begins
A. Averell Harriman
represents US in Moscow
to negotiate coordination
with Stalin
August:
US begins fullscale bombing of German
forces in France
September: U-Boat
devastation reaches peak
Battle of Stalingrad (1942)
August:
Germans begin
siege
September: Battle ends
with major German defeat
& surrender
El Alamein (1942)
October:
British forces
under Montgomery defeat
Germany's "Desert Fox,"
Marshal Irwin Rommel
Turning Point in North
Africa
Operation “Torch”
November:
Allied forces
begin North African
campaign by landing in
Morocco & Algeria
Attack Hitler’s
“soft
underbelly”
1943
European Theater
February:
US forces
defeated by Rommel's
Afrika Korps at Kasserine
Pass
–General George Patton
takes command
May:
German forces in
North Africa defeated in
Tunisia
–250,000 surrender
May:
Uprising in Warsaw
Jewish Ghetto ends
–Jews sent to concentration
camps & ghetto leveled
"SS thugs set ablaze entire
blocks of flats in order to
force the population to
come out of hiding..."
--Voice of Warsaw
July:
Kursk Salient
–German forces begin last
ditch offensive in Russia
–It fails as the last initiative
in the east
July-August:
Allies begin
invasion of Sicily
–“Soft Underbelly”
–Frustrated Stalin
–Leaflets dropped over Italy
asking Italians to surrender
Stalin’s 2nd
front
US
bombers selectively
bomb Rome
Mussolini forced to
abdicate
Allies take Messina &
Sicily
September:
Italy agrees to
surrender
–German calls Italy a traitor
begins to treat it as an
enemy
–Invasion of the Peninsula
begins
Germans
forced to
abandon Salerno
–Battle continues by inches
up the peninsula
October:
Naples captured
by US General Mark Clark
–Germans destroy the city
as they retreat
December:
Eisenhower
becomes Supreme
Commander of Allied
Forces
Pacific Theater
February:
Marines take
Guadalcanal
–Major step in the war as it
st
is 1 major land defeat for
Japanese
Island
Hopping
March:
Battle of the
Bismarck Sea off New
Guinea
–US defeats Japan convoy
–Major blow against Japan
holding New Guinea
November:
In bloody
fighting, the US Marines
take Tarawa & Makin
Islands in the Gilberts
Wartime Diplomacy
Casablanca Conference
January
1943: Roosevelt
meets with Churchill
Calls for unconditional
surrender of Germany
Decide on Italy first, then
France
Moscow Conference
October
1943: US, USSR,
Britain, & China meet to
discuss treatment of Axis
Powers after the war
USSR enters against
Japan after Germany done
November:
Congress
passes the Connolly
Resolution calling for a
international peace
organization
Cairo Conference
Dec.
1943: Roosevelt,
Churchill, & Chiang Kaishek meet
Call for unconditional
surrender by Japan
Japan must give up all
gained territories
Teheran Conference
1943: “Big
Three” meet for 1st time
Agree to timing of
coordinated invasions
Disputes over post-war
world emerge here
Nov-Dec.
Teheran Conference
“Big Three”
1944
European Theater
Eisenhower
arrives in
London to take command
& begins planning
invasion of "Festung
Europa"
Allies
land at Anzio, Italy
meet stiff & bloody
German resistance
bogging down invasion
February:
German forces
in Italy create a defensive
line, “The Gustav Line” at
Monte Cassino
–Hold it with full force
–Allies reluctant to destroy
medieval monastery
February:
“Big Week"
bombing raids over
Germany
March: US bombers begin
bombing raids over Berlin
–10% loss of planes
B-17 Bomber
Dresden after “fire bombings.” Roughly
130,000 people killed in raid.
May:
Monte Cassino falls
after bombing reduces it
to rubble
–Gustav Line collapses
May:
Allied forces break
out of Anzio beachhead &
begin to move on Rome
Monte
Cassino
June:
Allies
enter
Rome
June 6, 1944: D-Day
Operation
“Overlord”
begins with invasion of
Normandy
4600 ships, 10,000 planes,
& 176,000 troops in
largest invasion in history
D-DAY
Storming the Beach
Breaking
of German
codes & use of
misinformation leads to
lack of German
coordination in defense
What is wrong with this picture?
June
th
10 :
Allied beaches
link up & forces begin
march on Berlin
Germany launches first
V-1 rocket on London
Allies
capture French port
of Cherbourg, Germans
destroy port facilities
July: General Patton leads
"break out" thrust against
Germans
Plot
to assassinate Hitler
by bomb fails & military
plotters executed
Invasion of Southern
France begins
August:
Paris falls after
German general refuses
Hitler's orders to resist at
all costs
The
Yanks
Are Back
September:
First V-2
rockets fall on London
US forces enter Germany
Battle of the Bulge
December:
Germany
launches a counteroffensive in the Ardennes
Forest in Belgium
–Named after bulge created
when center of allied
advance retreats
US
st
101
Airborne Division
surrounded by German
force at Bastogne
–When told to surrender, US
General Anthony McAuliffe
replies "Nuts!”
–Siege relieved by Patton's
3rd Army
Pacific
Theater
US
forces
take the
Marshall
Islands in
the Pacific
US
forces capture Saipan
Island - bombing of Japan
begins
Battle of Philippine Sea
–Japan defeated at heavy
costs to US naval forces
August:
Island of Guam
retaken in heavy fighting
October:
MacArthur lands
in Philippines fulfilling
his promise
Mac is Back
Battle
of the Leyte Gulf
–Japanese risk major naval
force to halt US invasion of
Philippines
–Suffer a major defeat
–Japanese reduced to
suicidal "kamikaze"
attacks on US ships
1944 Election
Republicans
nominate
Thomas Dewey, governor
of New York, for president
Democrats nominate FDR
th
for 4 term,
–Running mate is Harry
Truman of Missouri
November:
FDR wins
term as president but
campaigning left him
weak & ill
th
4
1945
European Theater
1000
US planes begin
bombing of Berlin
March: US forces capture
last remaining bridge on
the Rhine at Remagen &
begin full scale invasion
of Germany
US
& Russian troops
begin liberating Nazi
concentration camps
discover remains of Nazi's
"Final Solution" =
genocide of 6,000,000
Jews
Buchenvald
April:
US & Soviet Troops
link up in Germany at Elbe
River
Shaking Hands at the Elbe
April
30: Hitler commits
suicide in his private
bunker
May 7: Germany
Surrenders & VE Day
declared
Pacific Theater
In
the Philippines,
MacArthur lands on the
island of Luzon & sets out
for Manila
Iwo Jima
US
Marines capture the
island
Raise US flag on Mt.
Suribachi
4000 US dead
Iwo
Jima
Okinawa
April
1-June 21: US
Marines suffer 80,000
casualties capturing
island
Japanese suicide charges
& cave retreats leave
160,000 Japanese dead
Yalta Conference
January
1945: FDR,
Churchill, & Stalin meet
Discuss plans for postwar world & agree to
United Nations meeting in
San Francisco
Yalta Conference
The End of the War
April
12: FDR dies in
Warm Springs, Georgia of
a massive cerebral
hemorrhage
–Truman takes office
–Promises to maintain
FDR's program for the war
The
Champ
is Gone
April
25: United Nations
meets in San Francisco
July 5: Philippines
recaptured
Berlin divided among Big
Four (US, USSR, GB, &
France)
July
16: Manhattan
Project successful as
atomic bomb is
detonated at
Alamogordo, New Mexico
Los Alamos research
plant in NM has two
bombs
Trinity Test
Potsdam Conference
July
17: Truman meets
with Churchill & Stalin at
Potsdam, Germany
Tries to establish ground
rules for post-war world
Truman
warns Stalin we
have the bomb: Cold War
begins?
Potsdam declaration with
China calls for
unconditional surrender
of Japan
August
6, 1945: US drops
Atomic Bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan
–180,000 killed, missing, or
wounded
Hiroshima
August
8: Russia enters
war against Japan
August 9: Second A-bomb
dropped on Nagasaki
–80,000 killed
or missing
August
14: Armistice in
Asia
August 17: US & USSR
th
divide Korea at 38
parallel
September
2, 1945:
Japanese surrender
aboard the USS Missouri
in Tokyo Bay
V-J DAY
Aftermath
46-55
million dead
– 30
million soldiers
– 25 million civilians
– 23 million Russians
35
million wounded