Transcript Nationalism - Lyons-Global

Nationalism
Thematic Review for Regents
Typical Thematic Essay

Choose two nationalist leaders from your study of global history,
and for each one:




Identify the nation or region where that individual led a nationalist
movement
Describe the historical background leading up to that nationalist
movement
Discuss how the actions of the specific nationalist leader have influenced
the region or nation in which the movement took place
Some nationalist leaders that you may wish to consider include:
Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin,
Toussaint L’Ouverture, Fidel Castro, Camilo Cavour, Giuseppe
Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini, Otto von Bismarck, Sun Yixian, Jiang
Jieshi, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Mohandas Gandhi, Kwame
Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela, Kemal Ataturk, Gamal
Abdel Nasser, Theodor Herzl, David Ben-Gurion, Ayatollah
Khomeini, or Yasir Arafat
The Congress of Vienna
(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)
Historical
Background
Leading to
Nationalism
Main Objectives
 Its job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done:
 Reduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers
were pushed back to 1790 level.
 Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that
had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.
(Legitimacy - restoration of royal families to throne =
conservatism)
 Restoration of the balance of power
 Establishment of lasting peace and stability in Europe
(Concert of Europe or Metternich System – for 20 yrs will
intervene in order to maintain conservative govts. – France
and England not sold on Concert)
Europe After the Congress of Vienna
Problem – new political
boundaries of Congress
crossed cultural, ethnic and
religious lines
Rise of Italian Nationalism
Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of
Roman Empire
 Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided
into competing states, each with own government
 Napoleon invaded Italy
– United many states under one government
– Unification did not last
– After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split
Italian states
Challenges to Unity
 Geography – Apennine
Mountains, islands.
 Papal State controlled
central region
 Foreign Powers
controlled territories
(northern – Austrians)
 No consensus on how
to unify peninsula
Historical
Background
Leading to
Nationalism
Italian Nationalist Leaders
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi
Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
Giuseppi
Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Giuseppe Mazzini, son of a doctor and one who
studied law was arrested in 1830 and exiled for
his role in an uprising in his homeland Genoa and
membership in the Carbonari (fiery, underground
organization fighting for independence &
nationalism).
In Paris, he formed a
group called Young
Italy and wrote "open
letters" to influential
Italians, arguing for a
unified nation.
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
Italy's most brilliant soldier
of the Risorgimento and
one of the greatest
guerrilla fighters of all time
Friends of Mazzini
Forms a volunteer army of
over 1,000 “Red Shirts” –
aim was to attack kingdom
of Two Sicilies and kick out
Bourbon ruler
After defeating Sicily, he
headed to free the Papal
States – Cavour stepped
in to block him – Cavour
does not want to alienate
Catholic Church.
Final Results
1860 – elections
supported United
nation.
1861 – parliament
established under rule
of King Victor
Emmanuel II.
1870 – Rome joins and
is made capital
1929 – Papacy and Italy
form an agreement
where Pope keeps
Vatican City.
Obstacles to Unification
• History of Disunity – in 1792 there were around
1000 independent German States
• Congress of Vienna – Created “German
Confederation” of 39 states divided Germany
between Austria and Prussia
• Foreign Countries – Austria feared competition of
another strong central European nation, France
and Russia wanted to keep their dominance.
• Religion – Prussia was Protestant, Southern
Germanies were Catholic.
• German States liked their own customs and
traditions.
Historical
Background
Leading to
Nationalism
Otto von Bismarck
“Blood and Iron”
• No respect for
representative
governments.
• Favored Monarchy
• Distrusted Socialists
• Goal was to unite
Germany under Prussia
– by force and
manipulation of foreign
countries.
Bismarck’s Realpolitik
• Believed in getting things done
by whatever means possible –
even if illegal.
• Expanded army without
consent of parliament, ignored
constitution to raise taxes.
Bismarck’s Unification Program
via Battles
• Denmark War
• Austrian War
• Franco-Prussian
War
Bismarck’s Battles (cont)
• Franco-Prussian War: 1870 – France wanted new
Germany weak, did not want Prussia to control southern
Catholic Germany.
When Spanish throne was offered to Prussian
Prince Leopold, Napoleon III tries to intervene.
Bismarck had made protective alliances with
Russia, Italy, South German States, and Austria.
When Napoleon III asks William I to not support
Leopold as Spanish King – Bismarck intercepts the
EMS telegram and edits it to look like William I
insulted Napoleon.
Important Alliances
• Bismarck made alliances with Italy and
Austria (later Austria-Hungary) to come to
the aid if one of the other countries was
attacked – would become very significant as
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente of Britain, France and
Russia forced in opposition to this
alliance.
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:
Anti-Catholic Program
Take education and marriage out of
the hands of the clergy  civil
marriages only recognized.
The Jesuits are expelled from
Germany.
The education of Catholic priests
would be under the supervision of the
German government.
Austrian Empire
Multinational state of 11 ethnically distinct
peoples – Germans, Czechs, Hungarians
(Magyars), Slovaks, Romanians, Serbians,
and Italians.
Hungary and
Bohemia want
own legislature
and national
army
Demand for a
liberal
constitution
Austrian-Balkan Problem
 In 1878 Bosnia and Herzegovina
were added to the empire – at
the same time as growing PanSlavism in Russia and the
Balkans
 In Austria, Germans were only
one-third of the population, by
1895 they felt threatened
 Title – “Powder-Keg of
Europe”
 Gradually tension mounted as
slavic forces resented minority
status (cause of WW1) when
Archduke Francis Ferdinand will
be assassinated by a pan-Slavic
Nationalist – Gavrilo Princeps
World War 2 Nationalism
Rise of Nazism
Hitler
Causes for the
Rise of
Totalitarian State
in Germany 
1.
2.
Inflation – printed
money w/nothing to
back it up.
Unable to meet war
reparations. France
sent troops to occupy
Ruhr Valley
(industrial Germany)
when did not get its
money in 1923.
1918 – ½ mark
Would buy ½ dozen
eggs
 By 1923 – 10 million
marks would buy 4
eggs
Causes for Totalitarian State
3. Unemployment – 1920s and 1930s.
6 million unemployed Germans in
1932.
4. Hit by worldwide depression in 1929.
5. Government instable – no political
party could achieve majority in
Reichstag.
Nazism (Germany)
 Weimar Republic (1919-1933)–
democratic government established
after WWI by the victors.
When democracies are
Imposed on countries
not used to them
and by foreign powers,
can they succeed?
Adolf Hitler
Austrian – fought in WWI
for Germany. Tried to
overthrow Weimar
Republic in 1923 and was
arrested.
Wrote – Mein Kampf (My
Struggle) while in prison.
Racist views outlined –
belief that Aryan race
superior. Targeted Jews,
Slavs, Gypsies and Blacks
for extermination.
Nazi Called For:
2.

Expansion of German fatherland to
areas where Germans lived – Austria,
Poland, and Czechoslovakia.
“Anschluss” Stressed the need
for living space “Lebensraum” –
justified territorial expansion.

Realized that he needed to overthrow
the government in a “constitutional”
way

Created a Nazi political party,
dominated Reichstag because of
promises of economic benefits.

March 23, 1932 – Enabling Act
passed in which constitution would be
suspended for four years. By Aug. 2,
1934 – Hitler became sole ruler of
Germany.
Nazi Called For:
4. Ignore Versailles Treaty and War Guilt Clause.
5. Regain land and colonies had prior to WWI.
6. Use of violence is legitimate means to achieve
domestic and international goals. Illegally
armed street gangs called Storm Troopers/Brown
Shirts. Schutzstaffel (SS) – Hitler’s personal body
guard will be used by Heinrich Himmler as a
secret police and execution squad.
9. Promote Aryan Race
 September 1935 – Nuremberg Laws – German
Jews excluded from German citizenship,
forbidden to marry non-Jews.
Nov. 8-9, 1938 – Kristallnacht “Night of Shattered
Glass” – Nazi-led rampage that destroyed
Jewish businesses, 20,000 Jewish males
rounded up and sent to concentration camps.
Jews will be barred from all public buildings and
prohibited from owning stores.
Indian Nationalism
Gandhi
Rising Nationalist
Interests
Distrust of British economic, cultural and
political practices.
1885 – Indian National Congress (INC)
founded “Congress Party” – Mohandes
Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter,
Indira Gandhi, more prominent members.
1906 – Muslim League formed political party
because believed Hindus having too much
power with Congress Party.
Amritsar Massacre
Mahatma Gandhi
(1869-1948)
Born in India, but educated in law
at University College, London.
Took position in South Africa in
law office – only to realize he was
to be treated as an inferior.
Began an equality movement
through “passive resistance”, “civil
disobedience” (terms he did not
like). He was inspired by Christ,
Tolstoy, Henry David Thoreau
(“Civil Disobedience”).
Gandhi’s Methods
•Boycotts of British Goods
•Resigning public offices
•Boycott government agencies such as lawcourts
•Withdraw children from government schools.
•Block streets or march
•Advocated revival of cottage industries – spinning
wheel became his symbol of simple life.
•Fasting, prayer and meditation.
•Gave up earthly possessions.
•Believed in equality between races, gender, and
religion.
Salt March –
1930
British began imposing tax on salt (much like
American tea).
Gandhi led a famous march from Ahmedabad
to the Arabian Sea where he made his own salt
by evaporating sea water. 1000s joined him.
British forced to meet his demands.
Hindu
Turkish Nationalism
Sick Man of Europe to
Ataturk
The Ottoman Empire -- Late
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
Ottomans –
particularly
vulnerable – series
of uprisings with
Provinces
gradually
gained their
freedom
c
19
Kemal Ataturk
•Established Republic of Turkey.
•Ended Greece’s attacks.
•Made reforms – some unpopular
since challenged traditional values.
•Allowed only one political party and
did not permit people to openly
disagree with his policies.
Reforms of Ataturk
girls attend school and
gave women the right to
vote
set aside Islamic
Shariah law and set up
a western laws.
forbade the Turkish
people to wear fezzes,
veils, or other traditional
Turkish clothing.
introduced a western
alphabet and ordered
all newspapers, books,
and street signs printed
in the new script.
4
Leaders for a New China
Sun Yixian
Jiang Jieshi
Mao Zedong
“Chiang Kai Shek”
With his Guomindang, or
Nationalist party, established
a government in South
China.
Turned to the Russians
when western powers
ignored his pleas for help in
building a democratic China.
Took over the Guomindang
after Sun’s death.
Revolutionary of peasant
origins.
Led the Guomindang in a
series of “extermination
campaigns” against the
Communists.
Believed the Communists
should seek support
among the large peasant
masses.
Sun Yixian’s (Sun Yat Sen) Goal
 Sun Yixian as leader of the
Goumindang (nationalist party)
hoped to rebuild China on his idea
of The Three Principles of the
People.
 Nationalism – remove foreign
Manchu/Qing power and
European influence
 Create Republic – through
military take-over first (Creates
the Republic in 1911)
 State control over key industrial
features.
 He was refused assistance by all
After his death – civil war broke out
foreign powers except Soviet
– warlords ruled land – neglecting
Russia
irrigation projects - famine
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek)
 Eventually turned against
Communist allies, attacked
in several cities – Shanghai
massacre
 This marked beginning of
Chinese Civil War
 Forced Mao on Long March
 After WW2 forced to flee to
island of Taiwan – called
that island “China” – now
issue of “One China” versus
China and Taiwan
Mao Zedong
“Chairman Mao”
 Mao was one of the
communists to escape a
Jiang attack.
 Mao started gaining the
support of the proletariat
(worker).
 Main support was
PEASANTS
 Mao sparked a flame for
communism that led
them on the “Long
March”.
 Cultural Revolution –
Little Red Book
The Long March - 1934
 While it was an escape for
communists it was
primarily a propaganda
move for Mao.
 He and 90,000 followers
fled from the Goumindang
and trekked 6,000 miles
facing daily attacks.
 Only 10,000 people
survived the ordeal.
 The Long March stood as
a symbol of Communist
heroism
Israeli-Palestinian Problem
• Zionists (Theodor Herzl)
• West’s betrayal of the interests of
the Palestinian people and
disregard for the Balfour
Declaration, 1917
• Independence of Israel, May
1948
– Only about one-third of the
local people were Jews
– Jordan flooded with refugees
• Syria angered by the creation of
Lebanon
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– Question of Palestine
Palestinian Refugees
(demographic changes)
Conflict Heightens
• Israel adopted a policy of
resistance and retaliation
• June 1967, Six-Day War
– Initiated by Israel against
Arab neighbors who blocked
the Gulf of Aqaba
– Israel occupied the Sinai
peninsula
– Attacked Jordanian territory
on the West Bank of the
Jordan River
– Occupied Jerusalem
– Seized Syrian military
positions on the Golan
Heights
• Nasser died in 1970 and
succeeded by Anwar al-Sadat
(1918-1981)
– More pragmatic than Nasser
– Replaced Nasser’s socialist
policies with a strategy based
on free enterprise and
encouragement of Western
investment
Yom Kippur war - 1973
• Planned by Sadat in hopes of occupying so much territory that Israel
would be forced to negotiate over Sinai
• Sadat persuaded Syria to invade the disputed Golan Heights area to
Israel's north in order to split the Israeli defense forces.
• The Arab forces attacked on the Jewish holy day, Yom Kippur. Egypt
and Syria were aided by nine Arab nations in a variety of capacities.
• By October 9, both sides were seeking aid from allies; the Israelis
from the United States and the Arabs from the Soviet Union.
• OPEC will put oil embargo on countries aiding Israeli. Huge
problem for US.
Camp David Accords - 1978
• Egyptian president Anwar
Sadat and Israeli prime
minister Menachem Begin
• Sadat ends embargo and
creates diplomatic ties with
Israel (first Arab nation
recognizing Israel’s right to
exist)
• Begin gives Sinai back to
Egypt.
• Sadat tried to negotiate on
behalf of the other Arabs
regarding the West Bank and
the Golan Heights, but Israel
insisted that negotiations over
those issues take place with
Jordan and Syria directly.
• Israel consented to address the
rights of the Palestinians but
refuses to accept the leadership
of the PLO as legitimate as long
as the PLO charter called for the
elimination of Israel.)
• For his efforts, Sadat will be
assassinated by Arabs who
regard him as a traitor for
recognizing Israel. 1981
Israeli-Palestinian
Tensions
•Intifada (uprising) by PLO supporters in
Israel, 1980s – Arafat vs. Sharon – both
willing to use force to gain their objectives
•Oslo Accord – 1993 Israel and PLO reach
an agreement calling for Palestinian
autonomy in selected areas of Israel in
return for PLO recognition of the legitimacy
of the Israeli state
•Road Map for Peace (2002) – by Bush –
two state division (problems Israeli settlers in
Gaza; terrorist bombings by Hamas; access
to fresh water; new wall built by Israel in
2003