Transcript 4.4 Post WWII Years

英语国家概况
The United States
of America
The United States
of America
Chapter 9 History
英
语
国
家
概
况
CONTENT
I
America in the Colonial Era
II
The War of Independence
III
The Civil War
IV
America in the 20th Century
V
America in the 21st Century
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I
America in the Colonial Era
1.1 Pilgrim Fathers
1.2 Boston Tea Party
1.3 The First Continental Congress
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1.1 Pilgrim Fathers
 In 1620, Puritans—the Pilgrim
Fathers sailed for Virginia
aboard the ship Mayflower.
 Reason to flee from England:
to avoid the religious persecution
 Landed in what is now
Plymouth, Massachusetts.
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1.2 Boston Tea Party
 In 1773, patriots staged the “Boston Tea Party” in
response to the tea tax.
 They boarded British merchant ships and
tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.
 British Parliament then passed The Intolerable Acts:
independence of the
 The
Massachusetts colonial
government was
curtailed, and more
British soldiers were
sent to the Port
of Boston.
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1.3 The First Continental Congress
 The First Continental Congress—September, 1774
 A meeting of colonial leaders
who opposed British
oppression was held in
Philadelphia. They urged
Americans to disobey The
Intolerable Acts and to boycott
(抵制) British trade. At the same
time, the colonists began to
defend themselves.
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II
The War of Independence
2.1 The Shot of Lexington
2.2 The Second Continental Congress
2.3 Declaration of Independence
2.4 Process of the War
2.5 The Establishment of the Constitution
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2.1 The Shot of Lexington
 On April 19, British troops
were sent to Lexington
and Concord to disarm the
American militiamen.
 The first shot in the
American War of
Independence.
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2.2 The Second Continental Congress
 Held in Philadelphia in May 1775
 Assume the functions of a national government
• Founding Continental Army and Navy under the
command of George Washington.
• Printing paper money
and opening diplomatic
relations with foreign
powers.
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2.2 The Second Continental Congress
 George Washington, a wealthy Virginia planter,
was respected as a man of ability and integrity.
•
•
•
Once a colonel in the French and
Indian War;
One of the few Americans with
considerable military experience;
Led the continental army to the
victory of the Independence War.
George Washington
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2.3 Declaration of Independence
 On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of
Independence was signed.
Q.What does the Declaration
of Independence tell us?
A: It tells of the theory of politics, which
latter is central to the Western political tradition:
•
•
•
Men has a natural right to “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
happiness”.
Government can rule only with “the consent of the
governed”;
Any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect
the right of the people.
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2.3 Declaration of Independence
 The Declaration of Independence was draft
by Thomas Jefferson.
 It had two parts:
The first part justified the right of people to rebel
against a government that denied them their
natural rights.
The second part was a detailed indictment of King
George for cruelties, crimes and illegal political acts
against humanity and America.
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2.3 Declaration of Independence
 After being printed, the copies were sent out,
broadcast and read to crowds everywhere.
 The document greatly encouraged the struggling
people, making them think that they should be
independent and have the right to enjoy liberty.
 They were beginning to show more interests in a
common cause.
 Both a great influence on the course of the war and
a far-reaching influence in world history as well.
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2.4 Process of the War
Q. How did the war develop? And which
battle marked the turning point of the war?
 It dragged on for seven years.
 Obstacles for the continental army:
 No enough supplies.
 Tired and hungry, while British troops fresh and wellequipped.
 By the middle of December, 1776, the Revolution
seemed lost.
 The victory at Saratoga (1777, October)—turning
point.
Watch the video clip
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Process of the War
2.4 Process of the War
 The assistance from France
 Benjamin Franklin—a messenger to Europe to
get help from other countries.
 The French King made two agreements with
Franklin:
• France would take part in the war against England.
• They agreed to trade with each other.
 Spain and Holland joined France against England
—a quick end to the war.
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2.4 Process of the War
 In 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown in Virginia
 On October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis
was forced to surrender, the war came to an end.
 The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783—
America won its independence
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2.5 The Establishment of Constitution
 On May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted.
 In June 1789, the constitution came into effect
in nine states.
 Ten amendments—The Bill of Rights—were
added to the Constitution in 1791.
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III
The Civil War
3.1 Causes of Civil War
3.2 Comparison of Power
3.3 The Fierce War
3.4 Influence of the Civil War
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3.1 Causes of Civil War
Q. What was the essential cause of
the Civil War?
 3.1.1 Economic reason:
 two different economic systems
 3.1.2 Political reason
 The North—Federal Government as a union
 The South—The Confederate Government: the
independence of each state
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3.1.1 Economic reason
 Two different economic systems existed side by
side
 In the South—slavery was the foundation
• The slave economy—an obstacle to industrial
growth and expansion
 In the North—commerce and industry led the economy
• Industrial economy required the restriction of
slavery and territory for raw materials, markets
and labor supply
 Economic antagonism led to increased conflicts
between North and South.
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3.1.1 Economic reason
Southern Cotton Plantation
Whitney's Cotton Gin
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3.2 Comparison of Power
 The North:
 twenty-three states, 22 million population
 abundant facilities to manufacture arms and
ammunition, clothing, and other supplies
 merchant marines and the navy remained in Union
hands
 federal government was better able to raise fund for
war
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3.2 Comparison of Power
 The South:
 eleven states, 9 million population
 military advantages:
• actively preparing for war
• in possession of many federal forts and arsenals
• superior military leadership: a third of the regular
army's officers were from the South
• fighting on its own soil
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3.2 Comparison of Power
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3.3 The Fierce War
 The eastern arena—Virginia.
 the western Arena—areas west to the Appalachian
Range and the Mississippi River area
 Confederate army won many battles on the Eastern
Arena while they were defeated again and again on
the Western Arena.
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3.3 The Fierce War
 On Feb 4,1861, Abraham Lincoln
took office
 Abraham Lincoln
 a young man & lawyer in Illinois
 began his political career by serving
four terms in the state legislature
and then one term in the House of
Representatives
 He insisted slavery was evil and
should be restricted and ultimately
abolished
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3.3 The Fierce War
 Challenges Abraham Lincoln faced:
 first priority—keeping the United States one country
• 11 southern states seceded from Federal Union
proclaimed an independent nation
 freedom for black people—secondary objective
• issued the Emancipation Proclamation (解放宣言),
granting freedom to all slaves.
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3.3 The Fierce War
 Gettysburg—turning point of the war
 Union army defeated one Confederate army
 later all other Confederate forces soon surrendered
 On April 14, Lincoln was assassinated by actor John
Wilkes Booth.
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3.3 The Fierce War
The Lincoln Memorial, made of marble from Colorado
and Tennessee and limestone from Indiana, stands in
West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C.
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3.4 Influence of the Civil War
Q. What was the significance of the
Civil War?
A. 1) abolished the slave system
2) swept the obstacles to the development of
US capitalist production
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IV
America in the 20th Century
4.1 World War I
4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s
4.3 World War II
4.4 Post WWII Years
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4.1 World War I
 Inevitable result of
contradiction between two groups
of imperialist powers:
 Outbreak of the First World War
• Allies—Britain, France, and Russia
• The Central European Powers—Germany, AustriaHungary and Italy
 The political, economic and colonial rivalries of the
great powers.
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World War I
4.1 World War I
Q. Why did America enter World War I?
Germans’
submarines
sank ships
going to
England—
injuring
American
trade.
Germany
promised the
Mexicans a
chance “to
regain its lost
territory by
the war
against the
US”.
After two
years’
fighting, both
sides grew
weary—a
good chance
for America
to enter the
war.
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4.1 World War I
 US entered the war in 1917
 More than 4 million Americans went to the
battlefield—playing an important role in turning the
tide of the war:
– broke German defense line
– helped the British break German submarine
blockade
 The German Government appealed to President
Wilson for peace settlement
 An armistice (停火协议) was concluded in November
1918
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4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s
 The booming 1920s
 The 1920s election—the first for women voted for
a presidential candidate.
 prevailing prosperity, conservative governmental
policy
 private business received substantial
encouragement
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4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s
 The Great Depression
 In 1929 the stock market crashed, wiping out 40
percent of the paper values of common stock.
• Depression deepened, many lost their life savings
• By 1933 the value of stock on the New York Stock
Exchange shrank by over 4/5
 Core of the problem—immense disparity between the
productive capacity and the ability of people to
consume
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People Waiting for Relief
Withdrawal of Cash
Hoover Village
4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s
 Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal
 In 1933 Roosevelt rallied the people
to the banner of his program, known
as the “New Deal”.
 It helped the country get out of
the depression
“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
—Franklin D. Roosevelt
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4.3 World War II
 World War II broke out in September, 1939 and
ended in August, 1945.
 Background of the war

The World Spread economic crisis
• Germany and Italy began their ways of fascism
and military expansion.
• Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast
Asia by military expansion.
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4.3 World War II
Q. What is America’s foreign policy in
 A sit-on-the-fence policy
the
stage
of World
II?
• doearly
trade with
the warring
countries,War
including
the
aggressors
• believe in “glorious isolation”
 Its negative effect:
• Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to
believe that they could rely on American neutrality and
their victims could not buy munitions in US.
• Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the
integrity of China.
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4.3 World War II
 On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese air
force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii. It was the direct cause for America’s
entrance into the war.
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4.3 World War II
 Conference at Potsdam
 Heads of the US, British and Soviet Union met at
Potsdam, to discuss operations against Japan, the
peace settlement in Europe, and a policy for the
future of Germany.
 Agreement at the conference:
• Need to assist in the reeducation of a German
generation reared under Nazism, and to define
principles governing the restoration of democratic
political life to Germany
• Agreed to the trial of Nazi leaders accused of
crimes against humanity
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4.3 World War II
4.3 World War II
 End of WWII
 The US airforce dropped atomic bombs on
Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on
August 8.
 On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.
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4.4 Post WWII Years
 The Cold War
 United Nations in 1945—a new and better world
would emerge from World War II.
 The conflict between the two superpowers Russia
and the US increased and later led to the Cold
War.
 Truman Doctrine
 In the Spring of 1947, President Truman declared
the “Truman Doctrine” so as to expand American
sphere of influence and establish the US
hegemony (霸权).
 This marked the beginning of the Cold War.
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4.4 Post WWII Years
 NATO
 In 1949, the United States—in company with 11
other powers—entered into the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO).
 The Korean War
 The US aggressed Korea in June 1950
 A ceasefire agreement
was signed in the
summer of 1953—
marked the US’ failure
and the end of the war.
Korean War Memorial
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4.4 Post WWII Years
 The Vietnam War
 A long-time suffering for the US
 Started under Eisenhower and continued by
Kennedy and Johnson
• In 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South
Vietnamese government from collapsing.
Ultimately, a failure
• In 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist
control.
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4.4 Post WWII Years
 Two other diplomatic breakthroughs:
 Re-establishing US relations with the People’s
Republic of China
 Negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
with the Soviet Union
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4.4 Post WWII Years
Q. What contributions did Richard
Nixon make in promoting the
Sino-US relationship?
•Table Tennis Foreign Policy
•Nixon–first US president visited Beijing.
•The “Shanghai Communiqué”—a new US policy:
– there was one China;
– Taiwan was part of China;
– a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the
Chinese themselves was in American interest.
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4.4 Post WWII Years
Richard Nixon & Premier Zhou Enlai
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4.4 Post WWII Years
 America Since 1980’s
Bill Clinton
Ronald Reagan
George Herbert Walker Bush
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4.4 Post WWII Years
 Ronald Regan
 At sixty nine, Reagan became the oldest person
ever elected as US President in 1980.
• Economic program
– reductions in income taxes and business taxes
– deep cuts in federal spending in every area
except defense
 Reagan proposed a wide-ranging program of
legislation.
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4.4 Post WWII Years
 George H. W. Bush
 Bush concentrated on social and economic
problems.
 Two Wars
• The Gulf War
—On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded
Kuwait & seized downtown Kuwait City
• Desert Storm
—Bush rallied the United Nations and
Congress and sent troops to Iraq.
—Destruction of Iraqi Army: weeks of air
and missile bombardment & 4 days
ground attack
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4.4 Post WWII Years
 Bill Clinton
 the third youngest person ever elected as president
at forty-six.
 Economic recovery
• When he was elected, unemployment—7.4 %.
• When voters went to choose his successor in 2000,
unemployment—3.9 %.
 NAFTA—the North American Free Trade Agreement
among the US, Canada and Mexico
 Called for ending restrictions on the flow of goods,
services and investment
 Called for the elimination of most import taxes
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V
America in the 21st Century
5.1 George W. Bush Period
5.2 The War against Terrorism
5.3 Invasion of Iraq
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America in 21st century
 George W. Bush Period
 George W. Bush: The 43rd president
of the US elected in 2000
 During his first term, three major
tax cuts
 Since 2003, America has had the
fastest-growing economy
• Under his leadership, the economy growing at rate
as fast as any in nearly 20 years. Homeownership
rate—at a record high.
• Interest and mortgage rates—near historic lows.
• The core rate of inflation over the past year ranks
among its lowest in 40 years.
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America in 21st century
 The war against terrorism
 Terrorist Event on September 11, 2001
 Invasion of Iraq
 On March 19, 2003 an invasion of Iraq by American
and British troops started, supported by small
contingents from several other countries.
• “Trial of century”—the trial of Saddam began on
October, 19, 2005 in Baghdad.
• Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity.
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英
语
国
家
概
况