Transcript Terms and People - Revere Local Schools

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Lead-Up to World War II
Chapter 17 section 1
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Today
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Analyze
the threat to world peace
posed by dictators in the 1930s and
how the Western democracies
responded.
• Describe
how the Spanish Civil War
was a “dress rehearsal” for World
War II.
• Summarize
the ways in which
continuing Nazi aggression led
Europe to war.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
• appeasement – giving in to the
demands of an aggressor to keep
peace
• pacifism
– opposition to all war
• Neutrality
Acts – a group of laws
enacted by the United States to avoid
involvement in a European conflict
• Axis
powers – Germany, Italy, and
Japan
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• Francisco
Franco – a conservative Spanish
general supported by Fascists and
Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War; later
became dictator
• Anschluss
– union of Austria and Germany
• Sudetenland
• Nazi-Soviet
– a region of Czechoslovakia
Pact – a nonaggression pact
uniting Germany and the Soviet Union
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
What events unfolded between
Chamberlain’s declaration of
“peace for our time” and the
outbreak of a world war?
After the horrors of World War I,
Western democracies tried to
preserve peace.
However, Germany, Italy, and Japan
were preparing to build new empires,
and the world was headed to war
again.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Dictators took aggressive
action in the 1930s.
Japan
Military
leaders
Germany Hitler
Italy
Overran Manchuria
and much of eastern
China
Rebuilt the military
and invaded the
Rhineland
Invaded and
Mussolini
conquered Ethiopia
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Western democracies denounced
these invasions but chose a policy
of appeasement.
• France
could not take on Hitler without British
support, and Britain did not want to confront
him. Both countries viewed Hitler’s fascism as
a defense against the spread of Soviet
communism.
• The
Great Depression exhausted Western
nations.
• Disillusion
with the previous war had led to
widespread pacifism.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
What was the US stance?
• In the United States, Congress
passed a series of Neutrality Acts
aimed at avoiding involvement in a
European war.
• Americans did not want involved in
another European conflict
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By the mid-1930s,
the antidemocratic
aggressive powers
formed an alliance.
• Italy,
Germany, and
Japan became the
Axis powers.
• The
Rome-BerlinTokyo Axis agreed
to fight Soviet
communism.
• They
also pledged
not to interfere with
one another’s plans
for territorial
expansion.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
A civil war in Spain increased
tensions.
•In 1931, a rebellion ousted the king of
Spain.
•Reformers created a republic with a
liberal constitution, and took land and
privileges from the Church and old ruling
classes.
•Conservative general Francisco Franco
launched a revolt against the republic in
1936.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Sides in the Spanish Civil War
Fascists and
Nationalists
the right wing
Loyalists
Communists,
socialists, and
those wanting
democracy
Supported
conservative
Franco
Supported the
republic
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Spanish Civil War became
a “dress rehearsal” for a wider
European war.
• Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to
support Franco, while the Soviet Union sent
soldiers to help the Loyalists.
• Nazi leaders used the war to test new
bombers.
• More than 500,000 people died in the struggle.
• By 1939, Franco had won. He created a fascist
dictatorship similar to those of Germany and
Italy.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Meanwhile, Hitler took aggressive
steps to bring all German-speaking
people into the Third Reich.
• One of Hitler’s goals was the Anschluss, or
union of Austria and Germany.
• In 1938, German troops entered Austria.
• Although Hitler’s annexation of Austria
violated the Treaty of Versailles, the Western
democracies took no action.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Hitler next threatened to annex the
Sudetenland. Britain and France protested,
but they were unwilling to go to war.
At the Munich Conference in 1938, British and
French leaders gave in to Hitler’s demands. Hitler
promised that he had no further plans to expand.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
announced that they had achieved “peace for
our time.”
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Hitler and
British Prime
Minister
Neville
Chamberlin
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Europe rapidly plunged toward war.
• After gaining the Sudetenland, Hitler
broke his promises and took the rest of
Czechoslovakia.
• The democracies accepted that
appeasement had failed. They pledged to
protect Poland.
• In August 1939, Hitler and Stalin
announced the Nazi-Soviet Pact. This
was a shaky alliance, since neither Hitler
nor Stalin trusted the other.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
On September 1, 1939, a week
after the
Nazi-Soviet Pact, German forces
invaded Poland.
Two days later,
Britain and France
declared war on
Germany.
World War
II
had begun.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Map Of Europe Directions:
•
•
Shade the territories Hitler took over to
break the Treaty of Versailles-Anschluss,
Rhineland, and the Sudetenland
Shade the area that Stalin took over by
1939
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Aggression in Europe and Africa to
September 1939
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
World War II to 1941
and the Holocaust
Chapter 17 Section 2
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•Describe
how the Axis
powers came to control
much of Europe, but failed
to conquer Britain.
•Summarize
Germany’s
invasion of the Soviet
Union.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
• blitzkrieg
– “lightning war” using
improved tanks and airpower
• Luftwaffe
– German air force
• Dunkirk
– site of British troops stranded
in France, and their rescue by sea
• Vichy
– location in France of Germany’s
“puppet state”
• General
Erwin Rommel – German
general known as the “Desert Fox”
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• concentration
camps – Nazi detention
and killing centers for civilians
considered enemies
of the state
• Holocaust
– the systematic genocide of
about six million European Jews by the
Nazis during World War II
• Lend-Lease
Act – law allowing FDR to
sell or lend war materials to those who
were fighting
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Which regions were attacked
and occupied by the Axis
powers, and what was life like
under their occupation?
Diplomacy and compromise did not bring peace
with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, or imperial
Japan.
The Axis powers advanced, attacking countries in
Eastern and Western Europe. In the Pacific, Japan
captured countries and colonies on the islands
and the mainland of Asia. The Axis powers
brought misery to the peoples they conquered.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Hitler used the tactic of blitzkrieg, or
“lightning war,” to overrun much of
Europe, starting with Poland.
The German air
force, the Luftwaffe,
bombed airfields,
factories, and cities
in Poland. Then, fastmoving tanks and
troops pushed their
way in from the west.
Meanwhile,
Stalin’s forces
invaded Poland
from the east.
Within a month,
Poland ceased
to exist.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Hitler waited out
the winter. Then,
in the spring of
1940, German
forces overran
Norway,
Denmark, the
Netherlands, and
Belgium.
Next,
German
troops
poured into
France,
trapping the
retreating
British
forces at
Dunkirk.
British vessels
crossed the
English
Channel and
ferried
more than
300,000
British troops
to safety.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Dunkirk
http://www.rania.co.uk/dunkirk/html/images.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/wwtwo_map_fall_franc
e/index_embed.shtml
Interactive map link
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Germany continued to attack
Western Europe.
• German forces headed to Paris. With Italy
attacking from the south, France was
forced to surrender in June 1940.
• Germany occupied northern France and
set up a puppet government at Vichy in
southern France.
• Next Hitler set his sights on Britain,
calling this planned invasion “Operation
Sea Lion.”
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Quote from a Londoner during the
Battle of Britain
“After an explosion of a nearby bomb, you could
actually feel your eyeballs being sucked out. I
was holding my eyes to try and stop them
going. And the suction was so vast, it ripped my
shirt away, and ripped by trousers. Then I
couldn’t get my breath, the smoke was like acid
and everything around me was black and
yellow”
- quoted in London at War
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Churchill’s comments on the Battle of
Britain
“We shall defend our island,
whatever the cost may be…We
shall never surrender.”
“Never in the field of human
conflict was so much owed by so
many to so few.” -Winston
Churchill
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
London did not
break under the
Nazi blitz.
•Citizens carried on
with their daily lives,
seeking protection in
shelters and
subways.
•The Luftwaffe could
not gain superiority
over Britain.
Operation Sea Lion
was a failure.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Despite his failure to conquer
Britain, Hitler seemed
unstoppable.
• German
armies under the command of
General Erwin Rommel pushed into
North Africa.
• In
addition, Axis armies invaded
Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and
Hungary.
• By
1941, the Axis powers or their allies
controlled most of Europe.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Battles in Northern Africa-Desert Warfare
Erwin RommelDesert Fox
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Nazis
Displaying
the flag on
the
Acropolis
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In June 1941, Hitler broke the NaziSoviet Pact when he attacked the
Soviet Union.
The attack stalled during the winter
when thousands of unprepared
Germans froze to death.
Leningrad withstood a two-and-ahalf-year siege. Stalin made an
agreement to work with Britain.
Invasion of the USSR
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Operation Barbarossa –June
22, 1941
Soviets are caught by surprise
even though they had the
largest army in the world
Germans pushed in 500 miles
using scorched earth policy
Leningrad
German cut off the city and
surrounded it
Hitler was ready to starve the
2.5 million people living there
Nazis took out warehouses of
food
Nazis separating women and
Nearly one million people
children after invading the
died but the Russians
Soviet Union
maintained control
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_fi.php?ModuleId
=10005164&MediaId=250
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Invasion of USSR cont…
Moscow
Hitler focused on Moscow since
Leningrad was not falling
The Nazis failed to move as quickly
as planned and winter set in
Nazi troops were not equipped
Hitler sent the order “No retreat!”
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Debate: What Circumstances Justify
War?
Should America enter WWII?
What is the American position toward WWII by 1941?
•Neutrality Acts 1935
•Cash and Carry
•Lend-Lease Act
•Atlantic Charter
•German U-boats firing on US cargo ships
•Shoot on sight
“No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it”
- FDR
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Interactive map of Hitler’s
takeover of Europe
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=100
05143&MediaId=7827
Japan and Germany set out to
build a “new order” in the
lands they occupied.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• Japanese troops seized crops, destroyed
cities, and brutally treated local Chinese,
Filipinos, and other conquered people.
• The Nazis sent millions of Jews and
political opponents to concentration
camps.
• The Nazis also targeted other groups
they considered “inferior,” including
Gypsies, Slavs, homosexuals, the
disabled, and the mentally ill.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By 1941, Hitler
had devised
plans for his
“Final
Solution”—the
extermination of
all Jews in
Europe.
At special death
camps in Poland,
some six million
Jewish men,
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The scale and savagery of the
Holocaust are unequaled in history.
Young survivors of Auschwitz,
the largest Nazi death camp.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United States declared
neutrality, but Roosevelt wanted to
be prepared for war.
• In
August 1941, he met secretly with
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
to create the Atlantic Charter. Its goal
was to destroy the Nazi reign.
• Roosevelt
persuaded Congress to pass
the Lend-Lease Act, allowing the United
States to sell or lend supplies to Britain.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
At the same time of Lend-lease
Act…
• At the same time, tensions
between the United States and
Japan grew after the United States
banned sale of war materials to
Japan.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Debate: What Circumstances Justify
War?
Should America enter WWII?
What is the American position toward WWII by 1941?
•Neutrality Acts 1935
•Cash and Carry
•Lend-Lease Act
•Atlantic Charter
•German U-boats firing on US cargo ships
•Shoot on sight
“No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it”
- FDR
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In a sneak attack on December 7,
1941, Japanese airplanes bombed the
American fleet docked at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii.
The next day,
President Roosevelt
asked Congress to
declare war on
Japan.
On December 11,
Germany and
Italy declared
war on the
United States.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
On the morning of December 7, 1941, planes
and midget submarines of the Imperial
Japanese Navy issued a surprise attack on
the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, the largest U.S.
naval base in the Pacific
At 6:00 a.m. on December 7th the six
Japanese carriers launched a first wave of
181 planes composed of torpedo bombers,
dive-bombers, horizontal bombers and
fighters
The Japanese hit American ships and
military installations at 7:53 a.m. They
attacked military airfields at the same time
they hit the fleet anchored in Pearl Harbor
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Results
Overall, 21 ships (8 battleships) of the U.S. Pacific fleet
and more than 300 aircraft damaged or destroyed
2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded
Battle was particularly bad because the U.S. did not
anticipate an aerial attack
•Pearl Harbor was too shallow for conventional
torpedoes to be dropped (they would bottom out);
however, Japanese modified the tail to allow them to
be dropped into shallower water
•Japan seen as too far away to launch full-scale attack
•Racism played a role – Japanese seen as not strong
enough / question of vision from aircrafts
Focused instead on potential sabotage
•To guard planes and ships against sabotage, the U.S.
put all of their planes and ships together so it would
be easier to guard them
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Pearl Harbor Invasion
U.S. Ships at Pearl Harbor
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Japanese
attack on Pearl
Harbor brought
the United
States into
World War II.
As the United
States mobilized
for war, Japan
expanded deeper
into Asia.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Japan’s PACIFIC Campaign
Japan had conquered much of southeast
Asia including Hong Kong (British colony),
Burma, Thailand, the Dutch East Indies,
Guam, Solomon Islands, Wake Island, and
most of China
Isoroku Yamamoto declared Hawaii “a
dagger pointed at Japan’s throat”
Pearl Harbor attacked December 7, 1941
“A date which will live in infamy.” -FDR
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Anagrams
Drink UK
Flat brain to bite
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Anagrams
Biker Glitz
Baboon or a Star Praise
Addy
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allies turn the tide
in World War II
Chapter 17 Section 3
If you were the Allies where would
you begin the attack on Hitler?
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Understand
how nations devoted
all of their resources to fighting
WWII
• Explain
how Allied victories began
to push back the Axis powers
• Describe
D-day and the Allied
advance toward Germany.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
V-E Day – the day the Allies achieved victory in
Europe, May 8, 1945
•
Bataan Death March – 65-mile march suffered
by American and Filipino prisoners of the Japanese
•
Douglas MacArthur – American general who led
U.S. forces in the battles to defeat Japan
•
island-hopping – the act of recapturing some
Japanese-held islands while bypassing others
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
kamikaze – Japanese pilot who undertook a
suicide mission
•
Manhattan Project – code name for a
collaboration of Allied scientists who raced to test
the first atomic bomb
•
Hiroshima – city in Japan where the first atomic
bomb was dropped in August 1945
•
Nagasaki – city in Japan where the second
atomic bomb was dropped in August 1945
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did the Allies finally defeat the
Axis powers?
By 1945, the war in Europe was nearing its end.
Germany was being attacked from east and west,
and Axis armies were surrendering.
In the Pacific, a series of bloody battles continued
on the islands as Allied military leaders planned
a land invasion of Japan. World War II finally
ended when the United States dropped atomic
bombs on two Japanese cities.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the spring of 1945, the Nazis were
surrounded and defeated.
•
From the west the Allies surged into Germany, and
from the east Soviet troops closed in on Berlin.
•
In Italy, guerrillas captured and executed Mussolini.
Hitler committed suicide.
The Allies proclaimed May 8, 1945, V-E Day.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
There were
several reasons
why the mighty
Axis powers fell
to the Allies.
•
Germany’s geographic location
left it open to invasion from
all sides.
•
Hitler made some poor military
decisions.
•
The Soviet army proved far
stronger than expected.
•
The United States had an
enormous capacity for
industrial production.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allied advance toward Japan
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Allies could now focus on defeating Japan.
Until mid-1942, Japan had been undefeated in
the Pacific.
They gained control
of the Philippines in
May 1942 and
forced U.S. and
Filipino soldiers on
the Bataan Death
March.
However, after the
battles of Midway and
the Coral Sea, the
United States took the
offensive in the Pacific.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Douglas
Mac Arthur
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the summer of 1942, U.S. Marines defeated the
Japanese at Guadalcanal. Led by General Douglas
MacArthur, they began an island-hopping strategy to
move north toward Japan.
As the Allies poured all of their resources into
defeating Japan, bloody battles ensued.
Kamikaze pilots undertook suicide missions, crashing
their planes into American warships.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Interactive map of battle in the
pacific
http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/ima
ps/maps/g5s_u8/
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Doolittle’s Raid
April 18, 1942—Lt. Col.
James Doolittle leads raid
on Tokyo / Japanese cities
The Doolittle Raid was the
first air raid by the United
States to strike the
Japanese islands during
World War II
Hitting Japan lifted
America’s spirits
The Japanese realized
that they were not
invincible
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Battle of Midway
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Meanwhile, Allied scientists offered another
way to end the war.
•
They worked on splitting the atom to create a new
kind of bomb.
•
In July 1945, the Manhattan Project successfully
tested the first atomic bomb in New Mexico.
•
Harry Truman, who had become president after the
death of Roosevelt, realized that it was a terrible
new force for destruction. Nevertheless, he decided
to use the new weapon against Japan.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Iwo Jima
Mt. Suribachi was one of the focal points of Japanese defense of the island of Iwo Jima
Raising the Flag at Iwo Jima
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Battle for Okinawa
April 1945 U.S. Marines invade Okinawa
Largest landing force in Pacific history
The Japanese unleashed 1,900
Kamikaze attacks sinking 30 ships and
killing 5,000 seamen
April–June: 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000
Japanese die
•Bloodiest of the Pacific War
•U.S. secures island
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Allied leaders warned Japan to surrender or face
destruction. Japan ignored the warning.
On August 6,
1945, U.S.
planes dropped
the first atomic
bomb on
Hiroshima,
instantly killing
more than
70,000 people.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
August 8: The Soviet Union invaded Manchuria.
The Japanese did not respond.
August 9: The United States dropped a second
atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This time, more
than 40,000 people were killed.
August 10: Emperor Hirohito intervened and
forced the government to surrender.
September 2, 1945: A formal peace treaty
was signed.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
V-J Day
Hirohito surrendered
August 14. Formal
surrender was signed
on the deck of the
U.S.S. Missouri in
Tokyo Bay Sept,2,
1945.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Occupation of Japan
• MacArthur commands U.S. occupation forces in Japan
for seven years
• International Military Tribunal for the Far East –over
1,100 Japanese tried and sentenced
•Seven, including Prime Minister Hideki Tojo,
sentenced to death
• MacArthur reshapes Japan’s economy (free-market)
• Additionally, he introduced a liberal constitution that to
this day is called the MacArthur Constitution
•Free elections
•Women’s suffrage
•Basic freedoms
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Aftermath of World War II
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•
Describe the issues faced by the Allies after
World War II ended.
•
Summarize the organization of the United
Nations.
•
Analyze how new conflicts developed among
the former Allies after World War II.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
Nuremberg – city in Germany where Nazi war
crimes trials were held
•
United Nations (UN) – the body of nations formed
to promote world peace
•
Cold War – state of tension and hostility between
the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union
and its allies; rarely resulted in direct armed conflict
•
Truman Doctrine – the policy of limiting
communism to the areas already under Soviet
control
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
Marshall Plan – massive aid package that
funneled food and economic assistance to Europe
to help with rebuilding after World War II
•
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) –
a military alliance among several North Atlantic
states to safeguard them from the presumed threat
of the Soviet Union’s communist bloc
•
Warsaw Pact – the Soviet Union’s military alliance
with seven satellite nations in Eastern Europe
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
What issues arose in the aftermath of World
War II and how did new tensions develop?
As many as 50 million people had been killed in
World War II. After it ended, the Allies faced
difficult decisions about the future.
The United Nations was formed as a peacekeeping
and humanitarian group. The U.S. Marshall Plan
offered aid in rebuilding Europe. But the Soviet
Union and the West quickly developed into
worldwide rivals—the beginning of the Cold War.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Estimated Casualties of World War II
Military
Dead
Military
Wounded
Civilian
Dead
264,000
213,000
1,310,000
7,500,000
277,000
400,000
1,753,000
14,012,000
93,000
350,000
1,000,000
15,000,000
292,000
672,000
6,000
3,500,000
242,000
1,300,000
5,000,000
66,000
4,000,000
780,000
153,000
672,000
Allies
Britain
France
China
Soviet Union
United States
Axis Powers
Germany
Italy
Japan
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1945, Germany, Japan, China, the Soviet
Union, and other countries were in ruins.
•
Cities, factories, harbors, bridges, and railroads
were destroyed.
•
More than twenty million refugees wandered
through Europe.
•
Hunger, disease, and mental illness were rampant.
The Allies needed to help these devastated countries.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After the war,
the horrors
committed
by the Axis
powers
became
apparent to
the world.
•
The full extent of the
inhumanity of the Holocaust
was revealed.
•
At the Nuremberg trials, a
number of Nazi leaders were
tried for war crimes and
sentenced to death. Similar
trials were held in Japan.
•
The Allies built new
democratic governments in
Germany and Japan to
promote tolerance and peace.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United Nations was another attempt to
promote peace.
• In April 1945, delegates from 50 nations met to
form a United Nations charter.
• Each nation had one vote. However, the five
permanent members of the Security Council—the
United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain,
France, and China—could veto any decision.
• The UN was given the authority to back up its
resolutions with economic sanctions or send a
peacekeeping military force.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Plans for world peace did not go smoothly as
conflicts developed between the former Allies.
The United States
and Britain wanted
Stalin to honor his
promise to hold
free elections in
Soviet-occupied
Eastern Europe.
Stalin ignored his
promise. He wanted
to spread
communism and
make Eastern
Europe a buffer
against Germany.
Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust soon led
to the Cold War.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By 1948, pro-Soviet communist governments were
ruling in Eastern Europe, backed by the Red Army.
New conflicts developed outside of Eastern Europe.
Stalin was menacing Greece, and also Turkey in the
Dardanelles.
President Harry Truman set forth the Truman
Doctrine. This policy said that communism should be
limited to the areas already under Soviet control.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United
States helped
relieve postwar
hunger and
poverty in
Western Europe.
• The Marshall Plan
provided food and
economic assistance to
decimated countries.
• Truman hoped the
Marshall Plan would
strengthen democratic
governments.
• Stalin refused the aid and
forbade Eastern European
countries to accept aid.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Germany became a focus
of the Cold War.
•
Western Allies united their
zones of control and
extended the Marshall Plan.
•
The Soviets were furious at
Western efforts to rebuild
the German economy.
•
Stalin held on to East
Germany.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Hungry Berlin residents greet planes
delivering supplies during the Berlin
Airlift.
•
In an effort to drive
Western powers out of
Berlin, Stalin blocked
delivery of supplies to the
parts of the city they
controlled in June 1948.
•
The United States and
Britain organized the Berlin
Airlift to drop food and
supplies into West Berlin.
•
After more than a year,
Stalin was forced to end
the blockade.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As tensions grew, two competing
military alliances took shape.
Twelve countries,
including the United
States and nations
in Western Europe,
formed NATO.
Members pledged to
defend one another
against Soviet
attack.
The Soviet Union
and its satellites in
Eastern Europe
formed the
Warsaw Pact. The
Soviets often used
Warsaw Pact troops
to keep its satellites
in order.