Transcript Chapter 29 The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949

Chapter 29
Collapse of the
Old Order
1929-1949
The Stalin Revolution: Five Year Plans
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humble origins
visionary
ruthless
skillful administrator
rose within Communist Party
eliminated Leon Trotsky & all
rivals
• Ruthlessly Industrialized the
Soviet Union
The Stalin Revolution:
Five Year Plans
• Oct 1928, Stalin
devised series of
Five-Year Plans
• Centralized statecontrol over
economy
• Extremely rapid
Industrialization
• No concern for
people or
environment
Collectivism of Agriculture
• Peasants squeezed to pay for
massive investments required
by Five-Year Plans
• Provided labor & food for
new industrial workers
• Small farms consolidated into
large collectives
• Supplied government with
fixed amount of food &
distributed what was left
among their members
Collectivism of Agriculture
• Collectivism organized
peasants into
industrial life & to
bring them firmly
under control of
government
• violently suppressed
better-off peasants
(the kulaks)
• disrupted agricultural
production
• caused famine-killed 5
million after bad
harvests (1933-34)
Collectivism of Agriculture
• Second Five-Year
Plan (1933-1937)intended to increase
output of consumer
goods
• Fear of Nazi regime
caused Stalin to shift
emphasis to heavy
industries &
armaments
• Consumer goods
became scarce -food
rationed
Terror & Opportunities
• industrialization &
collectivization carried out
w/ threats & force
• NKVD (secret police)
created terror
• USSR industrialized faster
than any other country
• Stalinism created new
opportunities
– women joined work
force
– obedient unquestioning
people rose in ranks of
Communist Party,
military, government, or
their professions
One of the goals of collectivization was to introduce modern farm machinery. This
poster shows delighted farmers operating new tractors and threshers.
• In late 1930’s, contrast between economic
strength of Soviet Union & Depression troubles of
capitalist nations gave many the impression that
Stalin’s planned economy was successful
The Depression:
Economic Crisis
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consumers cut purchases
companies laid off workers
small farms failed
N.Y. banks recalled loans to
Germany & Austria
– couldn’t pay reparations to
France & Britain
– France & Britain couldn’t
repay war loans to US
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US passed Smoot-Hawley
tariff act
– Other countries followed suit
• world trade declined by 62%
between 1929 & 1932
Depression in Industrial
Nations
• France & Britain
escaped worst-forced
colonies to purchase
their products
• Japan & Germany
suffered more-relied on
exports to pay for
imports of food & fuel
• In US, Britain, France,
governments tried to
stimulate economies w/
Programs like New Deal
• Germany & Japan
devoted their
economies to military
build-up
• hoped to acquire
empires large enough
to support selfsufficient economies
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Depression:
Non-industrialized Regions
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Spread to Asia, Africa, Latin
America unevenly
India & China not dependent
on foreign trade- thus little
affected
Countries that depended on
exports of raw materials or
tourism devastated
Latin America- led to military
dictatorships-tried to solve
economic problems by
imposing authoritarian control
over their economies
Southern Africa boomed during
1930’s
increasing value of gold &
relatively cheaper copper
deposits of Northern Rhodesia
& Belgian Congo led to mining
boom that benefited European
& South African mine owners
Rise of Fascism:
Mussolini’s Italy
• In post WWI Italy, thousands of
unemployed veterans & violent
youths banded
• demanded action, intimidate
politicians, & serve as strongarm men for factory & property
owners
• Benito Mussolini, former
socialist, became leader of
Fascist Party-forced government
to appoint him prime minister
Facism: Ultra-Nationalism, Glorifies military
values
Rise of Fascism:
Mussolini’s Italy
• Mussolini installed Fascists to all
government jobs-crushed all
opposition
– excelled at propagandaglorified war
– foreign policy cautious
• Italian Fascist movement
imitated in most of Europe, Latin
America, China, & Japan
Hitler’s Germany
• Germany was hard-hit
by:
– defeat in WWI
– hyperinflation in 1923
– Depression
• blamed socialists, Jews,
foreigners
• became leader of
National Socialist
German Workers’ Party
(Nazis)
• led unsuccessful
uprising in 1924
• In 1925, published Mein
Kampf
– racial theories
– aspirations for Germany
– proposal to eliminate
all Jews from Europe
Hitler’s Germany
• Nazis gained support from unemployed & from property owners
• Hitler assumed post of chancellor in March 1933- assumed
dictatorial power
• declared himself Fuhrer of “Third Reich” - August 1934
• economic & social policies were effective
• economic boom, low unemployment, & rising standards of living
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Public Works Contracts
Military Build-up
Women encouraged to give up jobs to men
The Road to War,
1933-1939
• Hitler’s goal = territorial
conquest
• Build up military
• Tested reactions of other
powers by:
– withdrew from League
of Nations
– introduced conscription
– established air force
– Italy invaded Ethiopia in
1935
– Hitler sent ground
troops into Rhineland in
1936
The Road to War
1933-1939
• No serious objections from France, Britain, or US
• Hitler invaded Austria-1938-demanded German-speaking
regions of Czechoslovakia
Why was response to Hitler so weak?
• Appeasement
– Fear of war
– Feared
communism
more than
Germany
– Believed Hitler
could be trusted
Munich Agreement: Neville Chamberlain, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Edouard
Daladier, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Galeazzo Ciano
After Munich?
• Hitler could not be
stopped short of war
• March,1939, invaded
Czechoslovakia
• Inspired France & Britain
to ask for Soviet help
• Hitler/ Stalin already
negotiating Nazi-Soviet
Pact
• Divide Poland between
them
Nazi-Soviet Pact
East-Asia, 1931-1945:
Manchurian Incident of 1931
• Ultra-nationalists,
believed Japan could
end its dependence on
foreign trade if it had
colonial empire in China
• Junior officers blew up
railway in Manchuria
• Excuse for invasion
• Built heavy industries &
railways-sped up
rearmament
• At home, government
became more
authoritarian &
militaristic
Chinese Communists & “The Long March”
• Communist Party challenged
Chiang-Kai shek
• Chiang arrested & executed
Communists, forced survivors
to flee to remote mountains
• Guerilla warfare & policies
won support of peasants
• Forced them to Shaanxi in
1935
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/longmarc.gif
Mao Zedong
1893-1976
• Farmer’s son
• Deviated from
traditional MarxistLeninist ideology
• Redistribute land from
wealthy to poor
peasants
• Wanted a social
revolution
• Advocate of women’s
equality
• Party reserved
leadership positions for
men (for warfare)
Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
• July 7, 1937, Japanese
troops attacked Chinese
forces near Beijing
• Launched full invasion of
China
• U.S. & League of Nations
made no effort to stop
Japanese invasion
• Chinese troops poorly led
& trained
• Unable to prevent Japan
from controlling coastal
provinces
World War II: War of Movement
• motorized weapons gave
advantage to offensive
– Germany’s blitzkrieg (lightning
war)
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American & Japanese
aircraft carriers
• fighting ranged over vast
theaters of operation
• populations & economies of
entire continents mobilized
• civilians legitimate targets
War in Europe & North Africa
• By June 1940, Hitler
controlled Europe
between Spain & Russia
• Attempt to invade Britain
foiled by British Royal Air
Force’s victory in Battle of
Britain (June–September
1940)
• In 1941, Hitler invaded
Soviet Union; successful at
first
• stopped by winter
weather of 1941–1942
• defeated at Stalingrad in
February 1943
Turning Point: El Alamein: 1942
• In Africa, Italians turned back by British counterattack
• German forces came to assist-defeated at Al Alamein in
northern Egypt by British, who had more weapons, supplies &
better intelligence
War: Asia & Pacific
• In July 1941, Japan occupied
Indochina
• US & Britain stopped shipping
steel, iron, oil
• Japanese hoped surprise attack
would force US to accept
Japanese control over SE Asia
• Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941,
occupied all of SE Asia & Dutch
East Indies within months
• June 1942, US destroyed 4 of
Japan’s 6 largest aircraft
carriers; aircraft carriers were
key to victory in Pacific
• Japan did not have industrial
capacity to replace them,
Japan faced long, hopeless war
End of the War
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By 1943, Soviet Red Army received
supplies from factories in Russia & US
Soviet offensive in east, combined w/
West invasions of Sicily & Italy in 1943
& France in 1944, defeated Germany
in May 1945
By May 1945, American bombing &
submarine warfare devastated
Japanese economy & cut Japan off
from sources of raw materials
Asians who initially welcomed
Japanese as liberators from white
colonialism now eager to see them
leave
A-bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki in
August ‘45 forced Japanese surrender
Controversy-Were the bombings
necessary?
U.S. argued it ended war 1 year earlier
& saved hundreds of thousands of
American soldiers’ lives
Chinese Civil War & Communist Victory
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After Japanese surrender, Guomindang
& Communist forces began civil warlasted until 1949
Guomindang had advantage-more
troops, weapons & American support
Brutal, exploitative policies & printing
worthless paper money eroded popular
support
Communists built up forces w/
Japanese equipment gained from
Soviets & American equipment gained
from deserting Guomindang soldiers
Won popular support, esp. Manchuria,
by carrying out radical land reform
program
On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong
announced founding of People’s
Republic of China
Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces
driven off mainland to Taiwan
Character of Warfare:
Science & Technology
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World War II was different from
previous wars-enormous death toll &
numbers of refugees
unprecedented scale of human
suffering due to change in moral
values & appearance of new
technologies
Science had significant impact on
technology of warfare,
synthetic rubber, radar, cryptanalysis,
antibiotics, aircraft & missiles
U.S. government’s organization of
physicists & engineers to produce
atomic weapons
Bombing Raids
• German war
production
continued until late
1944-German people
obedient
• Brits & US excelled at
bombing raids-broke
morale
• Massive bombing
raids on German
cities
• Fire bombs
devastated Japanese
cities; bombing of
Tokyo in March 1945
killed 80,000 people
& left a million
homeless
The Holocaust
• Nazi killing of civilians was state policy
• German Jews deprived of citizenship
& legal rights-herded into ghettoes,
many died of starvation/disease
• In early 1942, Nazis applied modern
industrial methods to slaughter Jews
of Europe in concentration camps
• Mass extermination, claimed at least
6 million Jewish lives
• Nazis also killed Polish Catholics,
homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses,
Gypsies, & disabled, for “racial
purity.”
ZYKLON-B: This was
the cyanide-based
pesticide used in gas
chambers at Auschwitz
and other camps.
Home Front in Europe/Asia
• Distinction between “the
front” & “home front”
blurred as rapid military
movements & air power
carried war into people’s
homes
• As armies moved, they
confiscated anything of
value; bombing raids
destroyed entire cities;
people deported to die in
concentration camps; &
millions fled in terror
• War demanded enormous,
sustained efforts from all
civilians; in Soviet Union &
in US, industrial workers
turned out tanks, ships, etc.
• In Soviet Union & in other
belligerent countries,
mobilization of men for
military gave women
significant roles in industrial
& agricultural production
Home Front: U.S.
• US flourished-economy
stimulated by war
production
• Consumer goods in short
supply- American savings
rate increased- led to
postwar consumer boom
• War weakened traditional
ideas; women, African
Americans, & Mexican
Americans took jobs once
reserved for white men
• Migration of African
Americans=overcrowding
& discrimination in
industrial cities
• Japanese Americans
rounded up & herded into
internment camps