Transcript 20140912092288

Cells & Cell Organelles
AP Biology
2006-2007
Robert Hooke
 1st saw cells in cork
 Gave them their name
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Leuwenhoek
 1st saw living cells
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Microscopes
 Light

Problem with resolving power
 Electron
TEM
 SEM
 Scanning Tunneling

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Types of cells
animal cells
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bacteria
cells
plant cells
Cell Theory
 Developed by the work of
Schleiden
 Schwann
 Virchow
 And others

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Cell Theory
 All living things are made of cells.
 Cells are the basic unit of structure and

function.
Cells come from cells.
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Cell size comparison
Animal cell
most bacteria
Bacterial cell
 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns
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 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Prokaryotic cells
 Nucleoid region
 Ribosomes
 Plasma membrane
 Prokaryotic cell wall
 Capsule
 Pili
 Flagella
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Making Proteins in
Eukaryotic Cells
AP Biology
2006-2007
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Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins
proteins do all the work!
DNA
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proteins
cells
Building Proteins
 Organelles involved
nucleus
 ribosomes
 endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
 Golgi apparatus
 vesicles

nucleus
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ribosome
ER
Golgi
apparatus
vesicles
Nucleus
 Function
control center of cell
 protects DNA

 instructions for
building proteins
 Structure

nuclear membrane
 pores for moving
material in & out

nucleolus
 ribosome factory
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Nucleus
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Ribosomes
 Function

protein factories: build proteins
 Structure
RNA & proteins
 2 subunits

Ribosomes
large
subunit
small
subunit
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function
duct work or hallways
of cell
 processing of proteins
 Smooth detoxifies

 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached

smooth ER
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Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
 rough ER

ribosomes
attached
 smooth ER
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Golgi Apparatus
 Function

like UPS headquarters
 “shipping & receiving department”
finishes, sorts, tags & ships proteins
 ships proteins in vesicles
secretory

 membrane sacs
vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
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transport vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
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endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
TO:
RNA
TO:
vesicle
TO:
vesicle
TO:
ribosome
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
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Making proteins
nucleus
nuclear pore
cell
membrane
protein secreted
rough ER
ribosome
vesicle
proteins
smooth ER
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transport
vesicle
cytoplasm
Golgi
apparatus
Growth &
Reproduction
AP Biology
2006-2007
Growth & Reproduction
We’ll learn about this in a later unit!
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Lysosomes
 Function

little “stomach” for cell
 digests food

“clean up crew” of the cell
 cleans up broken down
organelles
 Structure

pockets of digestive
enzymes
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Lysosomes
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white blood cells attack
& eat invading germs =
digest them in
lysosomes
Lysosome function
 Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles

digest nutrients
for the cell
vacuole
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When things go bad…
 Diseases of lysosomes are fatal
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome
 picks up food, but can’t digest it

 lysosomes fill up with undigested material

grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &
organ function
 example:
Tay-Sachs disease
build up undigested fat
in brain cells
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But sometimes cells need to die…
 Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when
they are supposed to be destroyed

some cells have to die for proper
development in an organism
 ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns
into a frog
 ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers
during fetal development

“auto-destruct” process (apoptosis)
 lysosomes break open and kill cell
 cell “suicide”
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syndactyly
Fetal development
6 weeks
15 weeks
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Making Energy
ATP
AP Biology
2006-2007
Cells need power!
 Making energy
take in food & digest it
 take in oxygen (O2)
 make ATP
 remove waste

ATP
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Making energy
 Mitochondria

make energy from sugar
 sugar (glucose)
ATP
 ATP
 Chloroplasts

make energy & sugar from sunlight
 sunlight  ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy
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ATP
Mitochondria
ATP
 sugars  ATP
 cellular respiration

need oxygen (O2)
in both animal &
plant cells
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
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6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells
plant cells
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Chloroplasts
 sun energy  ATP & sugars
 photosynthesis
ATP
carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen
dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
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Compare the equations
Photosynthesis
carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen
dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
Respiration
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
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6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
The Great ENERGY Circle of Life
sun
Photosynthesis
plants
CO2 + H2O
O2
Respiration
animals & plants
ATP
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glucose
+ sugar
food vacuoles
Food & water storage
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
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contractile
vacuole
Major organelles
 Nucleus
 Ribosomes
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 Vacuoles & vesicles
 Lysosome
 Mitochondria
 Chloroplast
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Centrosome
 Aids in formation of spindle fibers
 In animals, centriole present
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Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
change shape and move
Intermediate fibers
reinforcing rods; anchors
AP Biology
Microtubules
provide rigidity, shape
act as tracks
cilia & flagella
2006-2007
Plasma Membrane
 Aka cell membrane
 Phospholipid bilayer
 Aquaporins
 Semi-permeable (selectivelypermeable)
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Cell Surfaces
 Cell Junctions

Plant
 plasmodesmata

Animal
 Tight junction-binds together
 Anchoring junctions
 Communicating (gap) junctions
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 http://www.dnatube.com/video/12277/C
ell-video
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Limits to Cell Size
Volume increases faster than
surface area.
AP Biology
2006-2007
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Vesicle
Nucleolus
Flagella
Pili
Capsule
Rough ER
Golgi bodies
Lysosomes
Smooth ER
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
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Nuclear pores
Ribosomes
Cis face
Trans face
Nucleoid region
Science spot
 Microscope Parts
 Quia - Cell
Quiz 2

Organelles

Microscope Parts &
Functions Quiz

Quia - Cell
Challenge Board

Quia - Microscope
Mania Game

Quizlet - Parts of a
Microscope
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Quia - Cell Rags to
Riches
http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biolog
y/review/directory.shtml
 Cell Types
 Plant Cell
Organelles
 Animal Cell
Organelles
 Animal Cell
Organelles #2
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 Organelle Function