Transcript Canada and World War II - Social Studies 11 Frankhurt

http://www3.nfb.ca/ww2/homefront/recruitment-andconscription.htm
Canadian_forces_Liri_Valley_May_1944-Italy
Fundamental Causes of WWII
5
Treaty of Versailles (Was too harsh and left resentment in Germany; Hitler
promised to reject the treaty)
Great Depression (Germany was severely affected by the depression; Hitler
promised full employment for the German people)
Rise of Hitler & Nazi Party
Failure of League of Nations (no real military force to stop aggression; used
sanctions instead)
Extreme Nationalism
Fascism (Is a system of a government based on an unquestioning acceptance
of a dictator’s rule)
Isolationism and Appeasement (Unwillingness of democratic governments to
intervene in places like Germany)
http://www.brainpop.co.uk/humanities/historymodern/worldwariicauses/preview.weml
#
May 1939
British King and
Queen visit
Canada hoping to
get support
Mackenzie King,
Prime Minister of
Canada, did not
want to join
another war:
Lost too many
Canadian in WWI
Conscription
divided the
country
Just recovering
from Depression
The Munich Agreement
CBC archives—Canadian
Greetings to Queen and King-hyperlink
September 1, 1939
Germany invades Poland
Britain and France declared war on
Germany
In WWI, this would mean that
Canada also declared war on
Germany.
But by 1939, Canada was an
independent country
They take a vote in Parliament
September 8, 1939
Government meeting
King wanted to support the war
Ernest Lapoint (minister of Justice)
from Quebec also supported war.
King promised no conscription
https://www.historicacanada.ca/cont
ent/heritage-minutes/winnie
MOBALIZING CANADA’S RECOURCES
Not prepared for war
Small army, air force, and navy
troops
Old equipment
Canadians were cheering on the
streets when Canada decided to
join WWI
This time somber feeling
Still there were many volunteers
Aboriginal people volunteered
more than other groups join
Canada
Example:
Thomas Prince
No African Canadians (racist)more acceptance later
Canadians wanted to join the war
because:
Pay
$1.30/day & $60/month for
depended spouse and $30/month for
each child
Sediment towards Britain
Newfound national pride
Why?
https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/herita
ge-minutes/tommyprince?media_type=&media_category=32
A political cartoon of the time
shows Canada as a huge goal net
and three small figures (all equal
size) labelled “Army”, “Air
force” and “Navy” trying to
guard it. It is called the
“National Nightmare” 1939 (start
of war!). What do you think this
represents? See image to the right
a. Canada’s air force was much
smaller than its other branches
b. Canada’s armed forces were too
small to defend Canada properly
c. Canada’s coasts were defended
by only one branch of the
military
d. Canada’s army was prepared for
war and could defend its
homeland.
The War in Europe
Allies
Britain, France, Commonwealth
countries like Canada, Australia and
New Zealand
Axis
Germany, Italy, and Japan
Allied troops along France’s
borders and waited for Germany’s
next move
Nothing happened for seven
months
Called a “phoney war” (attrition?)
April 1940
Blitzkrieg (see animation)
“Lightning War”
Powerful and successful war tactic
Surprise and fast attacks
German tanks, warplanes, and
soldiers in enemy territory and
destroying communication and
transportation links.
Countries attacked became
confused and trapped
Attacked Denmark and Norway
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005137&MediaId=3376
Key battle: Evacuation at Dunkirk
May 10, 1940
• Invasion of Netherlands
• German forces went into Belgium and into
France
• Dunkirk-Allied forces were surrounded and
had to escape
• They could only escape by the sea
May 26, 1940
• Britain decide to organize all its boats, from
ferries to fishing boats to go to the beaches of
Dunkirk, so they can save the Allied forces
• Luftwaffe, German air force, bombed
Dunkirk.
• Escape from Dunkirk was hard, but Allies
were able to escape
• Boosted morale-seen as “miracle”
• Also, many troops saved for later battles
June 22, 1940
• Because of Germany’s strong army, Germany
soon captured France.
• France surrendered.
• Only Britain and the Commonwealth
countries fought against Germany
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animat
July 10, 1940-Battle of Britain
•Germany had more planes than Britain,
but Germany could not win war against
“Operation Sea Lion”
British
•Germany’s plan to attack Britain
•Radar System
•Destroy Britain’s air power
•Britain could know when German raids
•Massive bombing of harbours and
will be
shipping facilities in Southern England
•Spitfires and Hurricanes
•Bombing raids of airfields and aircraft
•Good fighter planes
factories
•Joined by many pilots from
•RAF retaliates and bombs Berlin
Commonwealth countries
•Bombing of civilian targets for almost •Britain was successful in shooting
55 nights Scared and killed many
German bombers
people
•May 1941
•Luftwaffe destroyed buildings and
•Hitler decided to stop trying to invade
streets
Britain
•Called the “Blitz”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/battle_of_brit
ain
The War Spreads
Germany lost the Battle of Britain
“Operation Barbarossa”
Invasion of Russia
• Germany and the Soviet agreed before in 1939 that they
would not invade each other, but Hitler did not keep his
promise!
• Hitler needed to control Russia because he wanted a
greater Germany, a big German Empire, and get to
Russia’s rich oil fields
• Battle lost because of cold Russian winter
The War in the Pacific
Japan was an Axis power but not involved in war in
Europe
December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbour
Japanese planes bombed naval base in Pearl harbour,
Hawaii, USA
Destroyed half of US navy
US declared war on Japan
Watch Attack Scene!
Lessons: In Canada we become hysterical over the
fact that the Japanese might attack us! PREJUDICE
AGAINST JAPANESE CANADIANS
Germany and Italy declared war on the US since
they were allies with Japan
Also bombed Philippines
Battle of Hong Kong
Also invaded Hong Kong, British colony
Hong Kong surrendered on Christmas Day, 1941
Canada had sent troops to Hong Kong
1975 Canadians were either killed or taken prisoner
by the Japanese
Canadians were scared to learn of the fate of the
Canadians and angry that troops had been sent to
Hong Kong
https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritageminutes/osborn-hong-kong
Canada’s Role in Europe
1942
Soviet Union- Lost many soldiers against
German invasions
Wanted Allies to invade Europe from the West
Would weaken German army because it would
fight two fronts
The Dieppe Raid,
August 19, 1942
• Second Canadian Division was
chosen to be the ones to attack the
French port of Dieppe, under
German occupation
• Allied troops were to be protected
by air force bombers and tanks
were to be landed on town
• Plan failed
• Germans knew we were coming
• Late start
• Poor communication
• Many died
• Dieppe was a valuable lesson for
D-Day
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMwunLwmu50
http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/video/War/WWII/Dieppe-PartI.html
Canadians at Sea
•Royal Canadian Navy rushed into a
massive building and training program
1940-1944: The Battle of the
Atlantic
•Canada’s help was needed
•Food and military supplies
•Allied ships to England were being
sunk by German submarines
•Convoy system
•Warships escort and protect ships that
carry important supplies
•German still destroyed these ships
http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgccms/expositions-exhibitions/sackville/ve10/index.html
Corvettes
•Escort convoys
•Quick, small, and easily
controlled
•Unsteady
•Built by Canadians
•1942-3
•Seemed like Allies were losing
Battle of the Atlantic, but they
start to win.
•Britain found out Germany’s naval code:
ENIGMA
•Allies could know German submarine
movements
•Building more ships
•Better training of Royal Canadian Navy
•Better equipment
•Liberator bombers that can protect
convoy’s route
Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF)
increased in numbers and became more
important
•Participated in bombing raids in Britain,
North Africa, Northwest Europe, and
Southeast Asia
•Participated in night bombing in
Germany (US participated in day
bombings)
•Example: Hamburg, Germany
•Created firestorm (City was in flames)
•Many died
•https://www.historicacanada.ca/content
/heritage-minutes/andrew-mynarski
Operations monitoring at the Eastern Air
Command HQ, Halifax, January 9th, 1943.
Three photographers getting ready to take off; from
left to right: Flight Sergeant A.D. Lang, Aircraftswomen
M. Dudlyke, M. Clayborne and Jeanne Farris.
1941
•RCAF formed Women’s Division to support the war effort
•Women were trained as clerks, cooks, hospital assistants, drivers, telephone
operators, welders, instrument mechanics, and engine mechanics.
•Women were not allowed to fly in combat, but in delivering planes to Britain.
https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/marionorr?media_type=41&media_category=35
The Tide Turns
1942
•Allies gained strength when the US entered the conflict in Dec.
1941
•Allies began to win the Battle of the Atlantic
•Allies made important advances in Asia
1943
•Allies cleared North Africa of Axis forces and could turn their
attention to the invasion of Europe
•What is their next step?
The Invasion of Italy
•British PM, Winston Churchill, said that the best way to get to
Europe from Germany was through the “soft Underbelly” of
Europe—Italy and Sicily
•Invasion of Italy and Sicily
•Thought it would be easy
•Lasted almost two years and cost many lives
•Therefore, not so easy
July 10, 1943
•Canadians participated in Allies’ invasion of Sicily
•Allies were successful
•September 1943
•Moved to mainland Italy
•Rugged terrain, muddy conditions, and cold rainy weather
(similar to WWI)
•Slow battles
•Example:
•Battle over one town, Ortona
•Canadians fought for a long time
•Germany withdrew eventually
•Allies advance through Italy was hard
•June 4, 1944
•Reached Rome and gained control of it
•Continued in Italy until the spring of 1945—
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Koel1epgYNA
http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/ortona/griffiths.html
http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/ortona/newsreels.html
Bug Ms. D about this!!! It is really cool!
Canadian troops moving
anti-tank gun into
position during street
fighting in Ortona, 21
December 1943.
D-day and Liberation
June 6, 1944
“D-Day”
“Operation Overlord”
•A full-scale invasion of Europe
•Five landing points along the beaches in Normandy in northern France
•Beaches called “Sword,” “Juno”, “Gold”, “Omaha”, and “Utah”
•Attacks on the beaches were preceded by massive air attacks and
paratroopers were parachuted in behind the German lines
•Allied troops had two advantages
•Massive air and naval support with the ability to land more than a
million troops within two or three weeks
•Details of the attack were secret
•German defense was poorly planned
•Allied began an eleven-month advance through France and Belgium,
towards Germany
•Campaign was tiring and dangerous
•Allies were liberators of Europe
•Canadians marched triumphantly through the streets of Dieppe
http://www.museevirtuelvirtualmuseum.ca/Search.do?R=VE_319&lang=en&ex=on
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys4734ip0kE
http://www.junobeach.org/e/2/can-eve-rod-nor-e.htm
http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/dday.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaS1Jq_DPzs
https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritage-minutes/junobeach?media_type=&media_category=35
March 1945
•Allied forces attacked Germany
•Task of Canadians: Free Netherlands
•This was done before, but unsuccessful
•Slow fighting
•Lots of casualties
April 17, 1945
Liberation of Holland
•Canadians able to defeat German army and free
Netherlands, and push Germans back into Germany!
•Also, air drops of food and convoys of trucks
carrying food and fuel
•Canadians seen as heroes in Netherlands
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMvdF2isnVY
https://www.historicacanada.ca/content/heritageminutes/mona-parsons?media_type=41
May 7, 1945
•Germany surrendered
•Allies attacked Germany in the West, while the
Soviet Union attacked in the East
•Hitler killed himselfdidn’t want to surrender
Two German officers in a group of prisoners who
surrendered to Canadian troops in Courseulles,
June 6th, 1944.
The Holocaust Discovered
•Allies pressed closer to Germany and discovered the actions of
the Nazis—The Holocaust
•Millions of people murdered and many dead people and
hungry people in concentration camps
•Anti-Semitic and racist views of Hitler and Nazi were known
in the 1930s.
1941
“Final Solution”
•Germany’s plan to rid their society of all people they
considered undesirable
•Death camps were built in a number of places
•German scientists experimented with the best way of killing
lots of people at one time
•Jews from all over Europe were shipped to death camps
•Stripped of their clothes and valuables
•Heads were shaved
•Families were separated
•Weak, old, and young sent to “showers”
•No water, just gas
•Strong and healthy were put to work
•Killed when too weak
•1945
•Germans had murdered 6 million Jews, Roma (Gypsies), Slavs and
other people they thought was inferior
•Holocaust (massive killing of people)
Were all Germans bad?
Watch Irena Sandler clip
http://www.enemyaliens.ca/accueil-home-eng.html
Japan surrenders
1945
•Japanese air force and navy destroyed
•Army was still strong
•US government wanted to end war, so used an
atomic bomb
Manhattan Project
•US and British scientists working on a secret plan
to make a nuclear bomb
•August 6, 1945
•US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima-”Little
Boy”(Enola Gay—airplane)
•70,000 killed
•130,000 people were wounded
•August 9, 1945
•US dropped an atomic bomb (“Fat Man”) on
Nagasaki
•40,000 people killed
•WWII is over.
•http://life.time.com/history/hiroshima-andnagasaki-photos-from-the-ruins/#1
The British
Commonwealth
Air Training Plan
•War effort was at home,
so no conscription
•British instructors would
train pilots and other
flight personnel from all
over the Commonwealth
in Canada
•Open skies
•Climate
•Distance from enemies
•King liked BCTAP
because it was a major
Canadian contribution to
the war effort, without
casualties
Total War
Government planned and controlled every aspect of society (politics,
economy, society)
•Department of Munitions and Supplies
C.D. Howe as its minister
•Controlled production
•Crown corporations
•Vancouver building ships for navy and Montreal was building new
planes and bombers.
•Canada’s car industries were building military vehicles and tanks.
•Munitions factories in Quebec and Ontario
•Government controlled telephone companies, refined fuel, stockpiled
silk for parachutes, mined uranium, and controlled food production
Policy of Total War
•Canadians willing to do whatever it took to defeat the enemy.
Important World War II Documents:
War Measures Act (1940) detainment of Japanese Canadians and take
civil liberties away (suspend them)
National Selective Services Act able-bodied male and female had to
do essential war work
Lend-Lease Act – Supplying War goods to G.B. from CAN and U.S.
National Resources Mobilization Act: required adult males to
register for military service within Canada (conscription?) – I’ll talk
about this later
Ogdensburg Agreement-Military agreement between us and States
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Animation/Letter Assignment
After the bombing of bombing of Pearl
Harbour on ? there was a fear that
Japanese would invade Canada.
22, 000 Japanese-Canadians (out of 23, 000
in Canada) are placed in Internment
Camps in the interior of British Columbia
All their possessions were taken and sold
houses, cars, shops, fishing boats, and
other property (for practically nothing!)
After the war they are not able to return
to British Columbia
In 1945 the Canadian government decided
to deport Japanese Canadians back to
Japan
In 1988, the Canadian government agreed
that it was wrong -- > paid 1400 people
who were affected $21,000/each -- > gave
citizenship back to those deported
Was it enough?
The War at Home (cont’d)
•Workers working long hours and
many working seven days a week
•All women asked to work (esp. single
women! Why?)
•Moved from rural to urban
•Companies built dormitories
•Married women also found factory
work
•Provincial governments funded day
care facilities
Canada’s Wartime Economy
•Increased production and
employment
•More money to spend
•Not many products to buy
•King also wished to prevent the
massive debt problem
Ilsley
•Minister of finance
•Victory Bonds
•Government will make sure that
Canadians are saving money
•Use money to help the cost of war
•Increase income taxes
http://www.wyattheritage.com/homefron
t/salvage.asp
Inflation
•Rise in prices for goods and services
that increases cost of living and
triggers the demand for a rise in
wages
•Wartime Prices and Trade Boards
•Freeze all wages and prices as a
way to prevent inflation
•King introduced food rationing
http://canadaonline.about.com/od/canada
The Growing Demand for Social Change
•Limit unions
•Shortage of labour helps the unions
•Workers=higher wages and collective bargaining
•Unions=striked
1944
•Acknowledge unions
•War changes role of government
•More involvement in economy
•The CCF (Cooperative Commonwealth
Federation) party and its belief of social change
was becoming popular
King knew that he had competition, so he
thought of:
(Is he borrowing ideas from somewhere? The PM
of the 1930s?
•Unemployment insurance program
•Expanded social assistance programs
•Family allowance program
•“Cradle to grave” social security
•Meaning that government will support everyone
from young to old.
Committee in House of Commons discussing the
Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940
The Conscription Crisis
National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA)
•Gather all resources in the nation to defeat the enemy.
•Conscription, but only for home defense
•pressured to adopt overseas conscription
•King decided to hold a plebiscite
April 27, 1942
•Plebiscite (vote) results: All provinces except Quebec
voted “yes”
•Issue of conscription divided the nation
August 1942
•King allowed overseas conscription
•Quebec felt betrayed by King’s actions
•“Not necessarily conscription, but conscription if
necessary.”
http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/primeministers/mackenzie-king-public-life-private-man/notnecessarily-conscription.html
•King did not want a divided Canada, so he tried to avoid
overseas conscription until 1944.
Political cartoon concerning
the conscription crisis,
November, 1944.
1944
Invasion of Europe
•lost almost 23,000 soldiers
•King agrees to send
conscripts overseas
•12000 NRMA conscripts to
Europe (not all went
peacefully)
•Riots
•Quebec legislature passed a
motion that says it was
against what the government
was doing
•Division again between
French and English in Canada
Anti-conscription rally in Quebec City during World War II.
What the war Meant to Canada
• Military and economic support to
the Allies
• Known as the “arsenal [military]
storehouse of democracy.”
• GDP increases from 1939-1945
• Employment increased
• Economy changes from agricultural to
industrial
• Investment in mining, production,
transportation, and service industries
• Post-war immigration increased (Why?)
Women workers producing primers (A cap or tube containing a small amount of
explosive used to detonate the main explosive charge of a firearm or mine. )
V-E Day Celebrations
V-E (Victory in Europe) Day was celebrated
all across Canada, as in Ottawa shown here
on 8 May 1945
Building an Identity
Canada’s contribution to the war: soldiers, money, and products
Canadians now major players in the global conflict
3rd largest navy
4th largest air force
Many Canadians killed, wounded, or captured, but WWII helped
show how Canada will be in the years to come.
 USSR
22 million
 China
11 million
 Germany 7 million
 Poland
7 million
 U.S.
0.5 million
 Great Britain 0.3 million
 Japan
1.5 million