Transcript Cells and Genetics - Henry County Schools

The Microscope,
Cells Structure, Processes, &
Reproduction
7th Grade Life Science
Dutchtown Middle School
S7L2 Students will describe the structure and
function of cells, tissues, and organ system.
a. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to
grow and divide and to make need materials.
b. Relate cell structures (cell membrane,
nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts,
mitochondria) to basic cell functions.
The Microscope
The Microscope
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ue-86MDmjns
Microscope: The Tube that Changed the World
• Between 1590 and 1600 several scientist had their
hand in creating what we know call the microscope.
• They found that by putting curved pieces of glass –
called lenses – in a tube, they could make a
microscope.
• Early microscopes-lenses made images larger, but not
always clear.
The Microscope
1. Modern microscopes that use lenses to bend
light.
a. A simple microscope has one lens while
a compound microscope has two sets of
lenses.
b. A stereomicroscope has two eyepieces,
and creates a three-dimensional image.
c. Powers of the eyepiece multiplied by
objective lenses determine total
magnification.
The Microscope
2. Electron microscopes are more powerful
than other microscopes.
a. Use a magnetic field in a vacuum to ben
electronic beams.
b. Images must be photographed or
produced electronically.
Question
What are some
differences between
electron microscopes and
other microscopes?
• Lenses or magnetic
fields
• Viewing of the image
• Magnification
Robert Hooke
The Wacky History of Cell Theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OpBylwH9DU
• In 1665, Robert Hooke, used a microscope to look at
thin slices of a plant material called cork.
• Robert Hooke identified tiny box-like structures. He
named these structures cells.
• Over the years, scientist used microscopes to observe
countless living and nonliving materials.
• They discovered that all living things are made of cells,
while non-living things are not.
Development of Cell Theory
The cell theory resulted from many scientist
observations and conclusions.
Cell Theory
1. The basic unit of organization is the cell.
2. All organisms are composed of one or more
cells.
3. New cells come from old cell through cell
division.
Cell Structure
Cell Structures Vocabulary
Mitochondria
Organelle
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuole
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Nucleus
Organization of Life
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Cell Structure
1. Cells are the smallest units of living things.
2. Cells are known as the tiny building blocks of
life.
3. Common cell structures – outer covering
called cell membrane and internal gelatin like
cytoplasm
a. Comparing cells – size and shape relate
to function.
Cell Structure
4. There are two types of cells:
a. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound internal
structures.
b. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound internal
structures.
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cell
http://www.usatestprep.com/movies/119/519/3258/159?key=UTXM7QH36DQ
All Cells
Membrane
Genetic Material
Cytoplasm (viscous – thick)
Prokaryotic
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Primitive & Small
Lack Organelles/No Nucleus
Ribosomes
May have Chlorophyll
Genetic Material
Eubacteria/Archeabacteria
Autotrophs
Eukaryotic
•
•
•
•
•
True Cell
All Organelles – Nucleus
Organized
More Complex
Genetic Material DNA/RNA
found in the Nucleus
• Chlorophyll found in
Chloroplast
• Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Cell Organization
Cell Wall
Composed of cellulose, a cell wall grows, gives
shape to, and protects the cells of plants, algae,
fungi, and most bacteria.
Cell Organization
Cell Membrane
The protective layer around all cells.
a. For cells with cell walls, the cell
membrane is inside the cell wall.
b. A cell membrane allows food and
oxygen into the cell and waste
products out of the cell.
Cell Organization
Cytoplasm
Gelatin like substance inside the cell membrane.
1. Cytoskeleton is the scaffolding like structure
in cytoplasm which helps cell keep its shape.
2. In the cytoplasm, eukaryotic cells have
organelles which help with cell life processes.
Cell Organization
Nucleus
The nucleus contains instructions for everything
the cell does.
DNA is also found within the nucleus.
Cell Organization
Energy-processing Organelles
Energy-processing organelles help cells do their
work.
a. Green organelles in plant cells contain
chloroplasts to make food.
b. Organelles which release energy from food
are called mitochondria.
Cell Organization
Manufacturing Organelles
a. Ribosomes make proteins for cell activities.
b. Some ribosomes attach to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum, which is a series of
smooth or rough membranes that move
material around in a cell.
Cell Organization
Transporting and Storing Organelles
a. Golgi bodies move substances out of a cell or
to other parts of a cell.
b. Vacuoles – membrane bound temporary
storage spaces of water, nutrients, & waste.
Cell Organization
Recycling Organelles
Lysosomes break down food molecules and cell
waste.
Review of Cell Organelles
• Cell Wall – gives added support and protection
• Cell Membrane – surrounds the cytoplasm and
protects the cell.
• Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
• Nucleus – Controls activities of the cell.
• Chloroplasts – produce food
• Mitochondria – provide energy
• Vacuole – stores water, food, and wastes
• Lysosomes – break down food molecules & cell
waste
Review of Cell Organelles
• Ribosome – protein is made on this organelle
• Golgi bodies – sort protein and other cellular
substances and deliver to vesicles.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – a series of
folded membranes in which materials can be
processed and moved around inside of the
cell.
Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Organelles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus/Nucleolus
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Golgi bodies
Animal Cell
Organelles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus/Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Lysosome
Vacuole
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi bodies
Cells & Their Functions
Every cell carries out basic life jobs or functions.
• All cells use energy.
• All cells get rid of wastes.
• All cells can reproduce. They do this by dividing.
• Most living things are tiny organisms made of one
cell. (Unicellular)
• Larger organisms, plants & animals, are made of
many cells.
From Cell to Organism
1. Tissue – group of similar cells working
together on one job.
2. Different types of tissues working together
make up an organ.
3. A group of organs working together on a
particular function form an organ system.
Cells are the building blocks of life…
• In a multi-celled organism, different cells do
different jobs.
– A group of similar cells working together to do a
job make up TISSUE.
– A group of different tissues working together are
an ORGAN.
– A group of organs working together make up an
organ system.
Levels of Cellular Organization
Cell
Heart Cell
Tissue
Heart Tissue
Organ
Heart
Organ System
Circulatory System
Level of Cell Organization
Question
What are some functions
of cell parts?
•
•
•
•
Protection
Providing shape
Processing energy
Making, transporting,
and storing substances
Big Ideas
• Cells take in nutrients to grow and divide and
make needed materials.
• Cell structure is related to cell function
• Cells are interdependent.
• The levels of cellular organization:
Cells
Tissue
organs
systems
organism
Cell Processes
S7L2 Students will describe the structure and
function of cells, tissues, and organ system
a. Explain that cells are organized into tissues,
tissues into organs, organs into systems, and
systems into organisms.
b. Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems
serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and
waste removal.
c. Explain the purpose of the major organ systems
in the human body (i.e. digestion, respiration,
reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement,
control, and coordination, and for protection
from disease.)
Matter & Energy
• Everything around you is made up of matter
and energy.
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
space.
• Energy can hold matter together or break it
apart.
Organic Compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon and
hydrogen and are usually associated with living
things or things that once were alive.
Organic Compounds
Four groups of organic compounds make up all living
things:
1. Carbohydrates - supply energy for cell processes
2. Lipids - store and release large amounts of energy.
3. Proteins – are the building blocks of many structures.
1. Amino Acids – make up protiens
2. Enzymes – regulate nearly all chemical reactions in cells
4. Nucleic Acids- store important coded information in
cell
Inorganic Compounds
Usually made from elements other than carbon.
Water is an inorganic compound.
Inorganic Compounds
The Importance of Water
1. Living things are composed of more than 50
percent water and depend on it to survive.
2. All chemical reactions in living things take
place in water solutions.
3. Most living things use water to transport
materials through their bodies.
Cell Composition
Cell’s Composition
Cells are 90% water (Inorganic Compound). Water makes up most of blood; most
chemical reactions occur in water.
The rest of the present molecules are: (Organic Compounds Found in Living Things)
• 50% protein
• 15% carbohydrate
• 15% nucleic acid
• 10% lipid
• 10% others
Elements That Make Up the Human Body
By elements, a cell’s composition by mass is:
• 10% Hydrogen
• 63% Oxygen
• 20% Carbon
• 3% Nitrogen
• 4% Other trace elements such as iron, calcium, etc.
Question
What are you made of?
Organic compounds,
including carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.
Inorganic compounds like
water.
Essential Questions
• How do you explain the relationship between the structures and
functions of cell organelles?
• Why is each part of the cell essential to survival?
• How is a living organism the sum of all of its parts?
• Why must cells absorb energy and nutrients?
• How do cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems relate to the
complexity of living organisms?
• How does scientific development rely on our knowledge of cells?
• What happens when cells cease to function adequately or at all?
• Can plant and animal cells function without sunlight? Explain.
• What do cells tell us about basic processes of life…life, death, and
reproduction?
• How are cells like building blocks?
Moving Cellular Materials
Cell Processes Vocabulary
Osmosis
Diffusion
Active Transport
Passive Transport
Equilibrium
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Metabolism
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Moving Cellular Materials
Cells have a selectively permeable membrane
that regulates what goes into or out of the cell.
Cell Membrane
• The permeable membrane allows the
molecules to pass through. An impermeable
membrane doesn’t allow anything to pass.
Only some molecules can pass through a
semi-permeable membrane – usually only
small molecules pass through quickly.
Passive Transport
Passive transport is the movement of substances through the cell membrane
without the input of energy.
There are 3 types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated
diffusion.
1.
2.
3.
Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from areas where there
is a high concentration to areas where there a low concentration.
(Example: Scent of perfume, food color lab) Likewise, equilibrium occurs
when the molecules of are spread evenly throughout another substance.
(Example: Carrot sticks lab, carrots are crisp)
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a cell membrane. (Example:
gummy bear lab)
Facilitated diffusion, transport proteins move substances into and out of
the cell.
Active Transport
Cells use/require energy to move molecules by active
transport
Cells move large or bulky particles through cell membranes by
endocytosis and exocytosis.
Endocytosis is the process in which a substance is taken into a
cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane, forming a
sphere called a vesicle.
Exocytosis is the process in which the membrane of the
vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and the vesicle’s
contents are released outside the cell.
Question
What needs to be
transported through your
cells’ membranes?
Transported in the cell:
• Nutrients from food
• Oxygen
• Water
Transported out of the
cell:
• Wastes
• Carbon dioxide
Essential Questions
• How do cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems relate
to one another?
• How the functions of organ systems interact?
• How do tissues, organs, and organ systems serve cells
needs for oxygen, food, and waste removal?
• How do the higher levels of organization serve the
needs of cells?
• How do the systems compare in different organisms?
• How does the hierarch of organisms result in the
complexity and diversity of organisms?
• How does reproduction vary among organisms?
How do living things get energy?
Metabolism
Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in an
organism.
The chemical reactions of metabolism require enzymes.
Cells use chemical reactions to change the chemical
energy stored in food into forms need to perform
activities.
How do living things get energy?
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process that plants and other organisms
use to convert light energy into chemical energy or sugars to
be used as food.
Producers are organisms that make their own food.
Consumers are organisms that can’t make their own food.
Chlorophyll and other pigments are used in photosynthesis to
capture light energy which is used to produce sugar and
oxygen.
How do living things get energy?
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process in which
chemical reactions break down food molecules
into simpler substances and release stored
energy.
How do living things get energy?
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration of carbohydrates begins in
the cytoplasm.
a. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose
molecules.
b. Each glucose molecule is broken down into
two simpler molecules releasing energy.
How do living things get energy?
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration moves into the
mitochondria.
a. The two simpler molecules are broken down
again, releasing much more energy.
b. This process uses oxygen and produces
carbon dioxide and water as wastes.
How do living things get energy?
Fermentation
Cells that do not have enough oxygen for cellular
respiration use this process t release some of the
stored energy in glucose molecules.
1. Entire process occurs in the cytoplasm.
2. Produces lactic acid, alchol, and carbon dioxide
waste.
Almost opposite of each other…
Photosynthesis
Produces sugars and oxygen,
which are used in cellular
respiration.
Cellular Respiration
Produces carbon dioxide and
water which are used in
photosynthesis.
Question
• Water to transport
You are about to go for a
nutrients to the cells.
run. What does your body
• Carbohydrates or lipids
need to make the energy
as a source of chemical
you will use?
energy.
• Enzymes to assist the
chemical reactions.
• Oxygen to fuel
respiration.
Cell Reproduction
S7L2 Students will describe the structure and function
of cells, tissues, and organ system.
Vocabulary
Cell Reproduction
Mitosis
Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Haploid
Diploid
Cycle
Chromosome
Fertilization
Egg
Sperm
Cell Division and Mitosis