Transcript World War II - Fulton County Schools

World War II
Terms to Know
• Fascism: a new militant political movement
that emphasizes the importance of the
state and it’s leader
– Nationalist movement; capitalist; no theory
• Communism: an economic system where
the means of production are owned by the
people; no private property; all goods are
shared equally
– International movement; follows Marx
Italy
• Italians upset after WWI; didn’t
gain territory; inflation;
unemployment
• Benito Mussolini promises to
rescue the economy and
improve the military
• Starts fascist party in 1919
• Played on the rich man’s fear
of a worker’s revolt
Benito – “Il Duce”
• “il duce” or the leader
• Abolished democracy
• Outlawed all political
parties (except fascists)
• Secret police
• Censored all media – radio
and newspapers
• Outlawed workers strikes
Germany
• Germans upset with
Treaty of Versailles
– Guilt Clause
• German people broke
after WWI – inflation,
unemployment &
strikes
• Depression hits
Germany hard; can’t
pay reparations to
France or GB
Enter the Nazi’s
• National Socialist German
Worker’s Party
• 1920 – 40 members; 1923 –
35,000
• People unhappy with Weimar
Republic, guilt clause &
reparations
• Economy also in shambles
• 11/8 – 11/9/1923 Beer Hall
Putsch (coup); Hitler tries to
take over government;
arrested & put in jail for
treason
Hitler Rises to Power
• In jail writes Mein
Kampf
– “Aryans” master race
– Treaty of Versailles –
outrage
– Lebensraum (making
room) into E. Europe
and Russia
• After release, popular
in Nazi party
• Appointed chancellor
Hitler’s Rise to Power
•
•
•
•
SS – murdered and arrested “enemies”
Gestapo made German’s obedient
Took control of economy
Ended unemployment – making less $; but have
a job
• Uses propaganda to control all aspects of
German thinking
• Controlled books, radio, newspapers, even
education
• Wants to annex German-speaking areas
The Path to War
• Japan needs natural
resources and export
markets
• 1931 Invades Manchuria;
renames it Manchukuo
• China protests in League
of Nations; Japan
withdraws from League
• 1937 Japan invades China
to get to oil in East Indies
Italy Invades/Spanish Unrest
• 1935 Italy invades
Ethiopia
• League of Nations
condemns, but doesn’t
block sale of oil, coal or
iron
• Francisco Franco leads
a civil war in Spain after
king abdicates throne
• 1938 Franco wins and
starts a fascist
government
Axis Powers
• 1936 Hitler moves into
Rhineland (against Versailles
Treaty)
• Hitler & Mussolini (and later
Japan) form an alliance; the
Axis powers
• 1938 Aunschluss – Joining of
Austria to Germany; Western
powers refuse to intervene
Hitler continues aggression…
• Hitler then moves to take the Sudetenland
from Czechoslovakia
• Munich Conference; British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain agrees to
Sudetenland in policy of appeasement
• Appeasement: policy of giving someone
what they want in order to avoid conflict
• Hitler then breaks Munich agreement and
invades Czechoslovakia
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
• Hitler wants Poland
• GB & France try to
align with Stalin to
stop Hitler
• Hitler and Stalin
sign the NonAggression Pact;
will split Poland
between them
• Hitler can now
invade Poland and
War begins…
War in Europe
• Blitzkrieg – “lightning
war”
• Successful strategy
for Hitler; takes
Western half of
Poland
• Stalin takes Eastern
half, Baltics & Finland
Churchill takes over…
• 1940 – Britain mines
Norwegian waters to
block German trade
• Hitler then invades
Denmark and Norway
• Chamberlain resigns
and Winston Churchill
becomes Prime
Minister of GB
France is lost…
• Hitler avoids
Maginot line by
going through
Luxembourg,
Netherlands &
Belgium –
surrounds the Allies
• Allies forced to
evacuate at Dunkirk
• 300,000 by sea
Vichy Government Established
• Evacuation a
success, but
Paris is lost
• Hitler takes
France
• Installs puppet
government in
the city of Vichy
Battle of Britain
• Luftewaffe vs. RAF
• Trying to establish air
superiority over the
English Channel
• London bombing –
called the great Blitz
• Germans eventually
give up
The Americans…
• Neutrality Acts of 1937: no arms shipments,
loans or credit to belligerent nations
• Policy of Isolationism: attempting to stay out
of world affairs and concentrate on itself
• Despite this, FDR tries to motivate Americans
to enter the war and help the Allies
• Cash and Carry Policy: FDR gets Congress
to trade cash for supplies with GB
• Lend-Lease: after GB runs out of $, we lease
them war equipment
The Americans Continued…
• FDR wants to get into the
war
• 1941 – FDR & Churchill
issue the Atlantic Charter,
which calls for the
destruction of the Nazis;
renews idea of selfdetermination and
upholds free trade
• Atlantic Charter basis for
treaties at end of WWII.
Eastern Europe & Africa
• 1940 – Mussolini declares war
on GB & France
• Churchill moves into Libya to
stop the Italians, but then redirects troops to Yugoslavia
and Greece. This effort failed.
• German General Rommell, the
desert fox, pushed GB out of
Libya and saves Italians from
certain defeat in Africa
Stalin and Hitler break up…
• Hitler invades USSR
in 1941; called
Operation
Barbarossa
• Germans make it to
within a few miles of
Moscow before a
Soviet counter-attack
turns turns them
back
Japanese Expansion
• 1940 Japan gains northern Indochina (Vietnam)
• US imposes an embargo on scrap iron to Japan
• Japan then signs Tripartite Pact (it’s an Axis
Power now)
• 1941 Japan invades southern Indochina;
captures Hong Kong and invades Malay
peninsula
• US embargoes oil sales and freezes Japan’s
assets in the US
“…a day which will live in infamy”
• Japan bombs US
naval base in Hawaii,
Pearl Harbor
• Attack did damage to
the Pacific fleet, but
luckily most of the
aircraft carriers were
out to sea and not
damaged
• US declares war on
Japan
Everyone is in…
•
•
•
•
US declares war on Japan
Axis powers declare war on US
Allied powers declare war on Japan
Meanwhile, Soviets suffering huge losses
to Germany. USSR only Allies fighting in
Europe while the US and GB concentrate
on North Africa and the Mediterranean
New War Technologies
• Enigma – code breaking
machine
• Radar – Germans didn’t
know GB had – Battle of
Britain significant
• Aircraft Carriers – key in
Pacific war
• New Tanks – didn’t fall
over like WWI
• Atomic Bomb –
Manhattan Project in the
United States
Japanese Internment
U.S. moves all
Japanese citizens
into internment
camps in interior of
country
Turning Points
• Battles in the air and on the sea
between Axis and Allied powers
in the North Atlantic and Europe
continue
• GB defeats Rommel and
capture Libya
• Allies land troops in Morocco
and Algeria to trap the German
forces in N. Africa.
• Free French troops under
Charles de Gaulle help out.
Turning Points continued…
• Germans finally stopped at Stalingrad
• Germans forced to surrender in February
1943 after the winter sets in; 180,000
troops lost in a battle of attrition
Turning Points continued…
• 1943 – US and GB
commanders meet in
Casablanca and decide to
attack Sicily
• Successful invasion of Sicily
forces Mussolini out of
power, but Germans seize
Rome and place him in
power in the North.
• Takes Allies 5 months to
dislodge German forces and
take Italy
War in the Pacific
• Island Hopping by the
Americans
• Battle of the Coral Sea,
Battle of Midway and
Guadalcanal all end in
US success
• 1943 Kamikazes begin
crashing planes into the
US naval forces
Allied Victories
• June 6, 1944 DDay; Allied forces
invade France at
Normandy
• Gen. George
Patton and French
resistance forces
liberate France
from the Nazis by
August 25th.
Hitler is stopped
• Soviets were pushing towards Germany
from the West
• Allies now pushing from the East
• Hitler’s last offensive at the Battle of the
Bulge
• Soviet and Allied forces converge at the
Elbe River
• German forces surrendered on May 7th
Yalta and Potsdam
• Yalta: Stalin, FDR, and Churchill
– agree to divide Germany and Berlin into 4
zones at the end of the war
– Stalin gets to keep eastern Poland
– Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan
• Potsdam (6 months later): Stalin, Truman
and Attlee
– Plans for occupation of Germany
– Demand Japan’s unconditional surrender
Japan’s Done
• 1944 Gen. Douglas MacArthur
seized Philippines
• 1945 US controls Iwo Jima &
Okinawa; GB expels Japanese
from SE Asia
• Truman uses A-Bomb on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Japanese surrender on August
14, 1945
Effects of the War
• Approximately 55
million killed
• USSR suffers 22 million
casualties (most)
• German and Japanese
leaders put on trial for
war crimes or crimes
against humanity
• Nuremberg Trials: trials
against Nazi’s for
genocide