Transcript World War II All PowerPoint, Good for fill in the blank notes.

WORLD WAR II
1939-1945
Axis Powers and
Leaders
Germany
• Adolph Hitler
• Leader of Nazi
political party
• Blamed Jews
for all of
Germany’s
economic
problems
Italy
• Benito
Mussolini
• Promised a
new Roman
Empire
Japan
• Emperor Hirohito
• Wanted full
political and
economic control
of Pacific
• Believed in
militarism and
military run
society
Japan
• Prime Minister
Hideki Tojo
–Responsible
for all military
operations
during the
war
Allied Leaders
Great Britain
• Winston
Churchill
• Great orator
and leader who
kept British
citizens from
giving up
France
• Charles De
Gaulle
• Led opposition
against
Germany after
they took over
France
Soviet Union (Russia)
• Joseph Stalin
• Great Purge –
killed all people
who opposed
his rule or
spoke against
Soviet Union
Soviet Union (Russia)
• Did not join
allies until
Hitler double
crossed him
CAUSES OF WWII
Axis Aggression
• Axis Powers wanted to gain
economic and political control
of the World
• Japan invaded Manchuria and
China to force US to recognize
their dominance
Axis Aggression
• US refused to recognize Japan
and placed embargos of oil
and steel
• Germany wanted to gain all
lands lost after the WWI in the
treaty of Versailles
Axis Aggression
• Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935
to show its dominance
Appeasement
• Policy of giving into political
pressure to avoid war
• Allowed Germany to recapture
some lands & rebuild their
military
War Breaks out in
Europe
Munich Pact
• Hitler and
Stalin sign a
nonaggression
pact agreeing
not to attack
each other
September 1, 1939
• Germany and Soviet Union
invade Poland after being
warned not to invade by
France and Great Britain
• Official start of World War II
US Isolationism
• US did not want to be involved
in another European War
• US was still going through the
Great Depression
Lend-Lease Act
• US gave military supplies to
Great Britain in exchange for
islands in the Caribbean
• FDR compared it to “lending a
garden hose to a next-door
neighbor whose house is on
fire”.
Lend-Lease Act
• US used the war to end the
Great Depression
World War II
Battles and
Strategies
Axis War Strategy
Strategies - Europe
• Blitzkrieg – fast, lightning attacks
on your enemy before they can
recover
• Invade and conquer France
• Use German Air Force to bomb
Great Britain until they surrender
Strategies - Europe
• Destroy Munich Pact and
quickly defeat Soviet Union
• Take complete control of
Europe before US got involved
in the war
Strategies - Pacific
• Japan wanted full military and
economic control of Pacific
• Felt US needed to recognize
their power in Pacific
Strategies - Pacific
• Attack US Pacific Ocean military
base and then invade Australia
and Hawaii
• They thought US would rather
respect them than fight a long,
costly war
Pearl Harbor
• Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacked
the US military base in Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii
• Destroyed US Pacific fleet of
warships
Pearl Harbor
• Dec 8 – US declared war on
Japan
• Dec 10 – Germany and Italy
declared war on US
• US now fully involved in World
War II
Allied Strategy
Strategy - Europe
• Defeat Hitler first
• Most US resources were sent to
Europe and Africa to fight
Germany and Italy
• Attack Hitler from all directions
and push back toward Germany
Battles – Europe
and Africa
Battle of Britain (Aug 1940)
• British cities were relentlessly bombed by
German Air force
• Churchill refused to allow British citizens to
give up
El Alamein (Nov 1942)
• German forces threatening to seize Egypt
and the Suez Canal were defeated by the
British.
• Importance
– Prevented Hitler from gaining access to
Middle Eastern oil and attacking the
Soviet Union from the south.
– Allies got access to Germany from the
South
Stalingrad (Sept 1942)
• Hundreds of thousands of German
soldiers were killed or captured in the
Russian city of Stalingrad.
• Importance
– This defeat prevented Germany from
seizing the Soviet oil fields
– Allies got access to Germany from East
Normandy (D-Day) June 6,
1944
• Allied troops under Gen. Dwight
Eisenhower landed in German-occupied
France
• Importance
– Despite intense German opposition and
heavy American casualties, the
Americans were able to liberate France.
– Allies were able to attack Germany from
the west
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
• US and Russian forces closed in
on Germany from all sides
• Adolph Hitler killed himself before
he could be captured
• German forces surrendered,
ending the war in Europe
World War II
Battles and Strategies Pt 2
Strategy - Pacific
• Island Hopping
–seizing islands closer and closer to
Japan and using them as bases for
air attacks on Japan
–cutting off Japanese supplies
through submarine warfare against
Japanese shipping
Battles – Pacific
Ocean
“Miracle of Midway”
• American naval forces defeated a
much larger Japanese force as it
prepared to seize Midway Island
• Importance
– The American victory ended the
Japanese threat to invade Hawaii.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Islands were within a couple
hundred miles of Japan
• Both invasions cost thousands of
American lives and even more
Japanese lives
• Heavy fighting by Japanese
soldiers to protect these islands
Kamikaze Fighters
• Japanese
soldiers who
would commit
suicide rather
than surrender
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Importance
–US could set up military air
fields to easier bomb Japan
–Made an invasion of Japan
possible
Use of the atomic bomb
• US did not want to invade Japan
because they did not want heavy
casualties
• President Truman ordered the
use of a new weapon called an
atomic bomb
August 6, 1945
• America dropped the atomic
bomb on Japanese city,
Hiroshima
August 9, 1945
• America dropped atomic bomb on
Nagasaki
• Over 250,000 people instantly
killed in both cities
• Thousands more died from
radiation
V-J Day
• September 2, 1945
• Japan formally surrendered to the United
States
Contributions of
Minorities to Allies
Minority units suffered high
casualties and won numerous
medals for bravery in action.
Tuskegee Airmen
• Squad of black
air fighter pilots
who served with
distinction in
Europe
• No pilots were
shot down during
war
Nisei Regiments
• Asian American
groups who
worked as spies
and soldiers for
United States
Codetalkers
• Navajo Indians
who used their
language to code
US messages in
Pacific
• Japanese could
not decode
intercepted US
messages
Mexican Americans
• Fought for US in non-segregated
military units
• Other minorities were segregated
from white units
WWII – War
Crimes
War Crimes
• During WWII, brutal crimes were
committed against the innocent
by all countries involved in war
• Millions of innocent people were
killed by random bombing,
genocide, and discrimination
Bataan Death March
• American POWs suffered brutal
treatment by the Japanese after the
surrender of the Philippines in 1942.
• Forced to march through jungle
without food or water
• The treatment of POW’s in the Pacific
war reflected the savagery of the
fighting
Holocaust
Holocaust
• Genocide: The systematic and
purposeful destruction of a racial,
political, religious, or cultural group
• Final solution: Hitler’s decision to
exterminate all Jews
• Jews were rounded up and sent to
concentration camps to be killed
Holocaust
• Holocaust victims: 11 million total
–Jews (6 million)
–Poles
–Slavs
–Gypsies
–“Undesirables” (homosexuals,
mentally ill, political dissidents)
Nuremburg Trials
• Nazi leaders and others were
convicted of war crimes
• Emphasized individual responsibility
for actions during a war, regardless of
orders received
• Led to increased demand for a
Jewish homeland
Japanese
Internment
Japanese Americans were
sent to camps (prison) during
the war
Reasons for Internment
• Strong anti-Japanese prejudice
on the West Coast
• False belief that Japanese
Americans were aiding the enemy
Internment
• Japanese sued gov’t for violating their
civil rights
• Supreme Court Case of Korematsu
vs United States ruled US did not
violate Japanese civil rights
Internment
• A public apology was eventually
issued by the U.S. government in
1980’s.
• Financial restitution was made to
survivors
Geneva Convention
• Meeting in Switzerland to ensure the
humane treatment of prisoners of war
by establishing rules to be followed by
all nations
• “The conduct of war often reflects
social and moral codes of a nation “
• Set up the rules of war for future wars
World War II
On the Homefront
On the Homefront
• United States success in World
War II required the total
commitment of the nation’s
resources.
• Public education and the mass
media promoted nationalism
United States
Resources
US Resources
• U.S. government and industry
worked together to distribute
resources
• Office of War Mobilization created
to control resources
Economic
Resources
Economic Resources
• Rationing maintained a steady
supply of materials for war
• War bonds and income tax were
used for financing the war
Economic Resources
• Business was retooled from
peacetime to wartime production
Human Resources
Human Resources
• More women and minorities
entered the labor force
• Citizens volunteered in support of
the war effort
Women
• Replaced men who went to serve
in the military (e.g., Rosie the
Riveter).
• They participated in non-combat
military roles
African-Americans
• Double V Campaign
–Victory in war and victory in equality
at home
–Demanded an end to segregation in
military
Military Resources
• The draft/selective service was
used to provide personnel for the
military
Role of Media and
Mass
Communications
Role of the Media
• Media and communications
assisted the gov’t in supporting
the war
• U.S. government maintained
strict censorship of reporting of
the war
–Censorship: blocking certain
materials from being published
Role of the Media
• Hollywood produced movies,
plays, and shows that boosted
morale and patriotism
• Portrayed the enemy in
stereotypical ways
Political, economic
and social
consequences of the
war
Legacy Of WWII
1. Massive destruction and
death
2. End of Allied cooperation and
beginning of “Cold War” –
political tensions
Legacy Of WWII
3. US and Soviet Unions are
only superpower countries
4. Atomic fallout – all countries
rushed to get atomic bomb
Legacy Of WWII
5. US troops permanently
stationed around the world
6. US will maintain a standing
army in peacetime
Legacy Of WWII
7. Germany (and Berlin) divided
into 4 military zones
• each zone controlled by one
of the 4 major Allied powers