Transcript AKS 46: Russian Revolution, Asian Nationalism, and Rise of Fascism

AKS 46:
Russian Revolution,
Asian Nationalism, and
Rise of Fascism
Chapters 30 and 31
Pages 864 – 919
Impact of War on…
Science & Technology

Albert Einstein


German-born physicist - completely changed
physics w/ ideas about space, time, matter, &
energy
Theory of Relativity:

As moving objects neared speed of light, space &
time became relative (they change)
Impact of War on…
Science & Technology

Automobiles:



Created new manufacturing jobs
Expanded recreational travel
Led to growth of suburbs
Impact of War on…
Science & Technology

Airplanes:



Improvements  commercial passenger
service & international air travel
1927 – Charles Lindbergh 1st solo flight across
Atlantic
1932 – Amelia Earhart 1st female solo flight
Impact of War on…
Science & Technology

Radios:


Expanded audiences for news, plays, sporting
events
Helped connect the world
Impact of War on…
Art & Literature

Artists Rebelled:



Rebelled against traditional paintings
Didn’t recreate realistic objects
Pablo Picasso:

Founded cubism – broke objects into
geometric shapes
Impact of War on…
Art & Literature

Friedrich Nietzsche


German philosopher – reason, democracy, &
progress are empty ideas – influenced…
Existentialism:

No universal meaning to the world – each person
gives life meaning through own actions
Nice whiskers!!
Impact of War on…
Society & Social Thinking

Sigmund Freud:
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
Psychologist – theory
about human mind,
thought much of
human behavior was
irrational (urges &
desires in unconscious
mind)
Weakened faith in
reason
Impact of War on…
Society & Social Thinking

Movies:


Hollywood; became popular
escapes from daily hardships
Music:


Ex: Abbot & Costello
Jazz – energetic & fit freedom
of times
Women:

Abandoned restrictive clothing
& argued they should be
equal to men
Warm-Up
Russian Revolution
Causes:

Policies of Czars




Autocratic
Harsh measures
Resistance to change inflamed masses
Industrialization & Economic Growth



Poor working conditions, low wages, child labor
Low standard of living, lack of political power
Gap b/w rich & poor  civil unrest
Russian Revolution
Causes:

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):

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
Russia’s losses sparked unrest at home
revealed czar’s weaknesses
led to revolt in middle of war
Russian Revolution
Causes:

“Bloody Sunday”:



provoked strikes &
violence across
country
forced Czar Nicholas
II to promise more
freedom
created the Duma Russia’s 1st
parliament
First session of the Duma 
Russian Revolution
Causes:

World War I:


revealed weaknesses of czarist rule & military
leadership
destroyed morale of Russian soldiers
mutinied, deserted, & ignored orders
Russian Revolution
Causes:

March Revolution:

forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate throne due
to problems caused by WWI



Led by Bolsheviks under Lenin
Romanov family executed – shows radicalism of
Bolsheviks
Duma set up provisional gov’t

Headed by Kerensky – stayed in war – big mistake!
 Lenin
Kerensky 
Russian Revolution
Nov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
Toppled provisional gov’t
 Gave power to Bolsheviks

Russian Revolution
Nov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
Effects:

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Peace treaty w/ Germany – ends WWI for Russia
Russian Revolution
Nov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution
Effects:

Civil War




Begins b/w Red & White armies
Red = Bolsheviks
White = All opposed to Bolsheviks
Effects:



Millions of deaths (fighting, famine)
Showed Bolsheviks able to seize & maintain power
Crushed opposition to Bolshevik rule
Russian Revolution

Leon Trotsky:


helped negotiate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
commanded Red Army during civil war
Russian Revolution
Lenin:

Background:

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
Influenced by Marx
led Bolshevik revolution w/ Trotsky
& restored peace & order
Karl Marx:


ideas formed basis of revolutionary
gov’t
Believed proletariat (working class)
would revolt
Russian Revolution
Lenin:

New Economic Policy:
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Peasants sell surplus crops
Some private ownership
As a result, economy slowly recovered
Russian Revolution
Lenin:

Political Reforms:
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Organized Russia into Republics (renamed
U.S.S.R.)
Centralized power, unified country
Bolsheviks renamed Communist Party
Russian Revolution
Stalin:

Name means…
“Man of Steel”
Warm-Up
Social Climate
Life in Great Depression
Millions lost their jobs
 Many made their homes in shacks
 Local gov’t & charity provided free food
out of soup kitchens

Economic Climate
U.S. has flawed economy - why?
Uneven distribution of wealth
 Overproduction by business & agriculture
 Lessened demand for consumer goods

Economic Climate
Post-War German Inflation-How Come?

Gov’t printed money
for war expenses &
reparations 
devaluing the mark to
the point where
people needed
wheelbarrows full of
money to buy food
Political Climate
Problems with Postwar Democracies
Many citizens of new democracies had
little experience with representative gov’t
 Some countries had many political parties

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
This made effective gov’t difficult
Led to formation of coalition gov’ts that often
unraveled
Political Climate
Ex: Weimar Republic (Germany)
Lacked strong democratic tradition
 Multiple political parties
 Germans blamed Weimar gov’t, not
military leaders, for country’s military
defeat & humiliation at Versailles

Economic Climate
Oct. 29, 1929 – U.S. Stock Market Crashes

Believing prices would drop, investors
tried to sell high-priced stocks that they
had bought on margin

Nobody wanted to buy
Economic Climate
Depression in U.S.
Unemployment rates ↑
 Industrial production, prices, wages ↓
 Businesses failed
 Individuals lost savings when banks closed
 Farmers lost their land

Economic Climate
Depression Worldwide
Some countries had war debts – dependent
on American loans, investments
 Worried American bankers demanded
repayment for loans
 American investors withdrew $ from Europe
 American market for imported goods
dropped sharply – America had
overproduced
 Raising of tariffs  decrease in world trade &
market demand

Results
Socialist Gov’t Success
Relied on tradition of cooperative
community action & gov’t-sponsored
public works programs to keep people
employed & producing
 Raised pensions for elderly & benefits for
those in need

Results
British National Gov’t
Passed high protective tariffs
 Increased taxes
 Regulated currency
 Lowered interest rates to encourage
industrial growth

Results
France – Popular Front
Economic crisis  Political instability
 Leaders feared growth of antidemocratic
forces

Results
And….
Rise of Totalitarian Governments (Fascism)
Warm-Up
Italy
Mussolini Becomes Popular – Why?
Italians disappointed by terms at
Versailles
 Distressed by social unrest, rising
inflation, high unemployment
 Mussolini promised to rescue Italy, revive
economy, rebuild military
 Founded Fascist Party, rapidly gained
popularity as economic conditions
worsened

Italy
Result
Mussolini publicly criticized the gov’t
 Fascists promoted campaign of terror
 Gained support of middle classes,
industrial leaders, aristocracy

Italy
Mussolini in Charge – How?
King Victor Emmanuel III invited him to
join gov’t
 Why? – b/c the king decided Mussolini was
the best hope for his dynasty to survive

Italy
Result
Abolished democracy
 Outlawed all political
parties but his Fascist
party
 Imposed censorship
 Had opponents jailed
 Outlawed strikes
 Made allies of
industrialists & large
landowners

Warm-Up
Germany
Hitler Becomes Leader of Nazi Party – Why?

He was a successful organizer & speaker
Germany
Result

Nazis became a growing political force
Germany
Hitler Tried for Treason – Why?

Mussolini marched on Rome – inspired
Hitler & Nazis to try to overthrow gov’t &
seize power in Munich

He failed!
Germany
Result

Went to jail – wrote Mein Kampf

Book set forth his beliefs & goals for Germany
Germany
Hitler Named Chancellor – Why?
Depression hit – German economy collapsed
 Civil unrest broke out
 People looked to Hitler for strong leadership
 Conservative leaders, believing they could
control Hitler, advised von Hindenburg to
name Hitler chancellor

Germany
Result
Hitler acted quickly to strengthen his position
 Won parliamentary majority in elections he
called & turned Germany into a totalitarian
state

Germany
Hitler Has Books Burned – Why?

Wanted to control every aspect of German
life & shape public opinion
Germany
Result
Crushed opposition
 Forced conformity to Nazi beliefs

Germany
Nazi Laws Deprive Jews of Rights – Why?
Anti-Semitism was key to Nazi ideology
 Nazis used Jews as scapegoats for
Germany’s troubles

Germany
Result
Violence against Jews ↑
 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
signaled real start of the process of
eliminating Jews from German life

Warm-Up
Rise of Nationalism
China – Sun Yat-sen
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Known as “Father of the
Revolution”
Struggled to bring nationalist,
democratic revolution to
China
Succeeded – taken away by
dictator
Ideas fueled revolutionary
fervor of early 20th century,
became basis for Nationalist
gov’t led by Chiang Kai-shek
in 1928
Rise of Nationalism
Ottoman Empire - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
“Father of the Turks”
 Military/Political leader,
transformed Ottoman
Empire into modern
Turkey
 Turned Turkey into a
secular country

Rise of Nationalism
India – Mohandas Gandhi
Hindu - Led non-violent
demonstrations (ex. Salt
March), practiced civil
disobedience (deliberate &
public refusal to obey
unjust law), & boycotts to
weaken British control
 In favor of independence

Warm-Up
Totalitarianism in…
U.S.S.R. – Soviet Union

Rise of Stalin:
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1922: Lenin dies
Turns gov’t against Trotsky, takes over
1927 – becomes dictator
Totalitarianism in…
U.S.S.R. – Soviet Union

Totalitarianism:
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Builds industry
Controlled agriculture through collectivization


Those upset executed or imprisoned by Stalin (10
million)
Used terrorism, fear to control people
Totalitarianism in…
U.S.S.R. – Soviet Union

Total Control:
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No individual rights, citizens obey gov’t
Used terrorism, fear to control people
Wanted to lead a world Communist Revolution
Sets up Command Economy – gov’t makes all
economic decisions
Totalitarianism in…
U.S.S.R. – Soviet Union

Great Purge:
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
Executed or imprisoned older
Communist officials that were
a threat to Stalin
Replaced them with younger,
more loyal officials
Five Year Plans:
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Goals for Russian economy
led to shortages of food
Entrance to a Gulag
prison for political
prisoners in Siberia
Totalitarianism in…
Germany

Post-Prison


Jan. 30, 1933 – Elected
Chancellor
1934 – President von
Hindenburg dies


Hitler takes over!
Becomes Furher – “leader”
of Third Reich


1st Reich – Holy Roman Empire
2nd Reich – German Empire
under Kaiser Wilhelm
Totalitarianism in…
Germany

Totalitarianism:
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


Opponents to Hitler &
Nazis murdered or
imprisoned
Created Gestapo – secret
police
Created Hitler Youth
Burned any books not proNazi
Nazi Gestapo
Cap Eagle Pin
Heinrich Himmler, Chief of SS
Totalitarianism in…
Germany

Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass”
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Nov. 9 & 10, 1938
Riots, Nazis attack Jews throughout Germany
Thousands attacked, homes, businesses, &
synagogues destroyed
Expelled from gov’t jobs, lost citizenship
Many tried to leave (went elsewhere in Europe or
US)
Thousands taken to concentration camps
Totalitarianism in…
Germany

Strengthening Germany:
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Built up military, created jobs for Germans
Began building roads, buildings; controlled
wages and taxes
Expansion

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Believed Germans should rule inferior races
Withdrew from League of Nations in 1932
Violated Treaty of Versailles by building up military
Totalitarianism in…
Italy

Appeals of Fascism

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WWI veterans liked militarism
Nationalists like reviving the Roman Heritage
Believed a strong ruler keeps order & protects
private ownership
Totalitarianism in…
Italy

March on Rome


Oct. 1922
“Black Shirts”


Mussolini named
dictator for 1 year, takes
over for good


Thugs, 30,000 strong,
lead riots – beat up
socialists & communists
Calls himself Il Duce –
“The Leader”
Begins trying to expand
the Italian empire
Warm-Up
Aggressors Invade Nations
Sept. 1931: Japan Invades Manchuria

Why?

Manchuria rich in
coal & iron –
valuable to Japan
Aggressors Invade Nations
Sept. 1931: Japan Invades Manchuria

Result?



League of Nations protested – did nothing else
Japan ignored protests
Pulled out of League in 1933
Aggressors Invade Nations
Oct. 1935: Italy attacks Ethiopia

Why?


Avenge
Ethiopian
victory from
1890s
Mussolini
dreamed of
Italian Empire
in Africa
Aggressors Invade Nations
Oct. 1935: Italy attacks Ethiopia

Result?


Italy won easily
Emperor of Ethiopia pleaded w/ League of
Nations for help – they did nothing in hopes of
keeping the peace in Europe
Aggressors Invade Nations
March 1936: Germany occupies
Rhineland

Hitler Violates Treaty of Versailles by…


Rebuilding Germany’s army
Invaded Rhineland
Aggressors Invade Nations
March 1936: Germany occupies
Rhineland

Result?


British & French appeasement (giving in to
keep peace)
Marked turning point in march toward war b/c:



Strengthened Hitler’s power & prestige
Balance of power shifted in Germany’s favor
Weak response by Britain & France encouraged Hitler
to speed up expansion
Aggressors Invade Nations
March 1936: Germany occupies
Rhineland

Alliance Formed

Hitler forms Axis Powers with Mussolini and
Japan
Aggressors Invade Nations
July 1937: Japan invades China

Rape of Nanjing:


Japanese army killed 200,000-300,000
Chinese civilians in about 2 months
Committed rape, arson, looting, & executed
prisoners of war & civilians
Aggressors Invade Nations
Sept. 1938: Munich Conference is Held

Why was it held?


Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia give up part
of its land to Germany (Sudetenland)
Czechoslovakia refused – Conference held to
solve problem
Aggressors Invade Nations
Sept. 1938: Munich Conference is Held

Was it successful?


No – Germany allowed to take Sudetenland,
but promised to respect new Czech. Borders
A few months later, he took entire country
Aggressors Invade Nations
April 1939: Franco becomes Spanish
dictator

Civil War:



Broke out in 1936
Army led by Franco – revolted against gov’t
run by liberals & socialists
Hitler, Mussolini, Soviet Union sent aid (army
backed by Spanish fascists)


Training ground for Hitler’s troops
Gov’t resistance collapsed
Aggressors Invade Nations
Aug. 1939: Germany & USSR sign nonaggression pact

Why did enemies sign a pact?

Germany:


Did not want USSR getting in the way in Poland
Soviet Union:

Wanted to avoid war with Germany & upset about
how they were treated by other Allies at the end of
World War I