Transcript Document

interwar years
Depression and the Rise of Fascism
WWII:
Long-term FACTORS
• Treaty of Versailles (1919)
• League of Nations (1920)
• Depression (1920s-1930s)
• Rise of Fascist Dictatorships (1920s-1930s)
Treaty of versailles
• What was this?
• How did it lead to WWII?
treaty of versailles
• Treaty between Germany and the Allied Powers after WWI
1. Germany had to accept blame for starting the war.
2. Germany had to pay $33 billion USD in reparations for
the damage done during the war.
3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air
force. Their navy was limited to six battleships and their
army to just 100,000 men. Germany could not plan any
troops in the Rhineland (the strip of land next to France.)
4. Germany lost territory in Europe and all colonies were
given to Britain and France.
league of nations
league of nations
worldwide depression
begins in germany
• 1920s-1930s (U.S.: 1929)
• Germany currency loses value
after they lose WWI
• Germany prints more and
more money to pay
reparations hyperinflation
• Why would this lead to
WWII?
rise of dictatorships
Hideki Tojo becomes Prime
Minister of Japan (1941)
Hitler becomes Chancellor
of Germany (1933)
Mussolini becomes Prime
Minister of Italy (1922)
what is fascism?
causes of WWII (1930s)
• Appeasement by Europe
and the United States
• Appeasement: to give in or
allow something to happen
in order to “keep the peace”
• Aggression by Germany
appeasement
• Appeasement – Britain and France wanted to avoid
war so they continually give in to Hitler’s demands
• Britain – realized the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh
towards Germany and was sympathetic
• France – would not do anything without Britain
• U.S. – dealing with the Great Depression and trying to
return to its isolationist stance
• Russia – undergoing the “Great Purge” under Stalin
• Consequence: Hitler becomes confident that the Allies
were weak and would not fight – no matter what he
does
AGGRESSION
• Germany needs lebensraum (“living space”) to build its civilization of the
“Master Race”
• 1936 – reoccupies the demilitarized Rhineland
• 1938 – annexes Austria
• 1938 – Munich Pact gives Germany control of the Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia
• *High point of Western appeasement: Pact signed by Britain and France
• Chamberlain (Britain): “The agreement establishes peace for our time.”
• 1939 – signs a nonaggression pact with USSR (and agree to divide
Poland between the two countries)
• 1939 – invasion of Poland
• Official beginning of WWII: September 1, 1939
• Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”)
World War II
The Deadliest Conflict in Human History
1939
WWII begins
in Europe
1941
U.S. and Japan
enter war
1945
WWII ends
Key Players
Allied Powers
Britain
Chamberlin – early/appeasement
Churchill – later/aggressive
Axis Powers
Germany (Hitler)
France (de Gaulle)
Italy (Mussolini)
U.S. (FDR)
Japan (Tojo)
Soviet Union (Stalin)
China (fighting a war against Japan –
their war gets pulled into WWII)
15+ other countries…
European theater
Pacific theater
the war (overview)
• 1940 – The Axis advances
• 1941 – The War becomes global (U.S. and Japan enter)
• 1942 – Axis advance is stopped by the Allies
• 1943 – Axis retreats
• 1944 – Allies close in on Axis territory
• 1945 – Axis collapses
1940
axis advances
• May-June 1940 – Battle of France
• 3/5 of France is conquered by the
Axis
• September 1940 – May 1941 – The Blitz
German bombing of the United Kingdom
Bombing every night for 57 days straight
1 million houses destroyed
40,000 civilians killed
1941
war becomes global
• June 1941 – Germany breaks pact with USSR and
invades Soviet Union
• (Hitler convinced that the only reason Britain was
remaining in the war was because they were hoping for
Soviet support.)
• December 7, 1941 – Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
• US enters WWII
• Japanese simultaneously attacked across the Pacific and
creates the Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere (ruled
by Japan)
1942
Axis advance stopped
• Japan loses series of battles in the
Pacific
• Battle of Midway (June 1942)
• (DE Video)
• Germany halted in the Soviet Union
• Did not learn lesson from Napoleon –
invading Russia is never a good idea!
• No winter uniforms
• Supply line stretched thousands of miles
• Battle of Stalingrad
• Germans surrounded and cut off in frigid
winter conditions – the best of the
German troops (German Sixth Army)
forced to surrender
1943
axis retreats
• Allies agree to fight until the Axis Powers surrender
unconditionally
• May 1943 – Axis troops surrender in North Africa
• July 1943 – Soviet counteroffensive into eastern
Europe
• September 1943 – Allied invasion of Italy
• Mussolini removed from office
1944
Allies close in
• June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Allied invasion of
France
• 2 million men and 500,000 vehicles landed in
France and pushed inland
• August 1944 – Allies liberate Paris
• December 1944 – January 1945 – Allied
victory at the Battle of the Bulge
1945
axis collapses
• March 1945 – Allies cross the Rhine River into
Germany and link up with the Soviets
• April 28, 1945 – Mussolini shot by resistance fighters
• April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide
• May 7, 1945 – Germany surrenders
• Japanese continue to fight in the Pacific
• August 1945 – U.S. drops two atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• September 1945 – Japan surrenders
Wwii deaths
Country
Military
Civilian
Total
China
3-4 million
7-16 million
10-20 million
France
217,600
350,000
567,600
Germany
5.5 million
1.1-3.1 million
6.6-8.6 million
Italy
301,400
153,200
454,600
Japan
2.1 million
0.5-1 million
2.6-3.1 million
Soviet Union
8.8-10.7 million
12.7-14.6
million
23.4 million
United Kingdom 383,800
67,100
450,900
United States
416,800
1,700
418,500
TOTAL
22.4-25.5
million
37-54 million
62-78 million
Major consequences
of the war
• Deadliest conflict in human history
• Cost of war caused the decline of European power –
decolonization in Asia and Africa
• United Nations (UN) created to replace the League
and prevent a future conflict
• U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as the two superpowers
– leading to the Cold War