Transcript World War II - Mr. Darby's History

World War II
Chapter 31
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1
Overview

An unparalleled challenge to the United
States

Two capable and determined enemies
faced America simultaneously
Germany and Japan (and allies)
 Highly evil foes
 They were not just interested in balance of
power or maintaining colonies—they were out to
literally conquer the world
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Overview

Although much will be said about
government and military leaders in
defeating these foes, much more needs
to be said about the oft forgotten
heroes—the business leaders--who
buried our enemies in planes, ships,
tanks, trucks, bullets, bombs, etc.
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Overview

America will emerge from the war as the
dominant world power
Military force
 Economic might
 Moral certainty of cause

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The United States—with its allies--stood
firm in democracy’s finest hour
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The Path to War
Section 1
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Read to Find Out
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Main Idea: World War II was partially a
product of World War I
Terms to Define: collective security,
sanctions, appeasement
People to Meet: Chiang Kai-shek, Benito
Mussolini, Haile Selassie, Francisco Franco,
Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Neville
chamberlain
Places to Locate: Manchuria, Ethiopia,
Spain, the Rhineland, Austria,
Czechoslovakia
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Overview
Military dictatorships come to power in
Europe and Asia
 Britain, France, and the United States
could not agree on how to conduct
collective security
 Much of the unrest in Europe and Asia
was the result of the settlements made
after World War I
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Japan’s Expansion in Asia

Japan was the first of the non-democratic
powers to reveal its territorial ambitions in the
interwar period

Japan had limited natural resources

To acquire more materials and markets, Japan
sought new territories for conquest
 In 1931, Japan overran Manchuria, renamed it
Manchukuo and set up a puppet government
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Japan’s Expansion in Asia

Japan responded to a League of Nations
order to return Manchuria to china by
withdrawing from the League
The incident revealed the League’s
powerlessness
 The incident boosted the expansionist
ambitions of Italy and Germany—they
became more confident about the lack of
fortitude of the rest of the world
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Japan’s Expansion in Asia

Early 1930s, the Japanese military wanted
to acquire the rich oil reserves of the East
Indies to supply ships and airplanes
But Japan needed to acquire Chinese ports
 1937, Japanese forces invaded China and
captured major eastern and southern cities
 The Chinese Nationalist government of
Chaing Kai-shek retreated inland and allied
with the Western powers
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Japan’s Expansion in Asia
In the capital of Nanjing, the Japanese
engaged in mass brutality, killing over
200,000 Chinese civilians
 From 1937 to 1945, the Nationalists, the
Chinese Communists, and the Japanese
fought each other for control of China
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Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia
Ease which Japan acquired Manchuria
encouraged Italy to make a move
 The League of Nations could not satisfy
differences between Ethiopia and Italy in
earlier clashes in Africa
 Mussolini wanted an Ethiopian colony
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Believed it would enhance Italy’s world image
12
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia

In October 1935, Mussolini ordered the Italian
army to invade Ethiopia

In a dramatic appearance at the League of Nations,
Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie appealed for help

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The League condemned the Italy’s action
Voted to impose economic sanctions
The League forbade members to sell Italy arms and
certain raw materials
Sanctions did not include crucial materials oil, coal,
or iron
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Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia
Once again the League’s actions were
ineffective
 Mussolini completed his conquest of
Ethiopia
 In May 1936, he formally annexed the
African nation
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Spanish Civil War

A civil war in Spain further inflamed the
international situation in the 1930s

After much chaos in Spain, King Alfonso
abdicated the throne

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Government began reforms to end Catholic
Church’s role in education and redistribute the
land from nobles to peasants
From 1936 to 1939 the conservative
Spanish Nationalists and the left-wing
Loyalists battled for control of Spain
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Spanish Civil War

As a result of reforms, conservative
groups wished to restore the old order
Right wing army groups staged uprising and
it spread
 For three years, conservative Spanish
nationalists groups led by Francisco Franco,
and left wing Loyalists, or Spanish
Republicans, battled for control of Spain
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Spanish Civil War

Several powers—Germany, Italy, and the
Soviet Union—intervened in the Spanish war
 The governments of the western democracies,
however, refused to intervene because they
feared a general European war
 Adolf Hitler saw his participation as
strengthening ties with Italy and to secure
supplies of Spanish ore and magnesium
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Spanish Civil War

Goering, head of the German Luftwaffe, used
the opportunity to test his weapons and tactics



Spanish towns were used for this purpose
Combined use of fire and high explosive bombs
Civil war ended1939 with Franco as victor

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Half a million Spaniards dead, the Nationalists
emerged victorious; Spain now joined Italy and
Germany as countries headed by fascist dictators
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Hitler on the Offensive

In March 1936, Hitler violated the Treaty of
Versailles and seize the Rhineland


From Mein Kampf, “…to secure for the German
people the land and soil to which they are entitled”
France had the right to take military action and
Britain had the obligation to back France

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Neither took action because they feared war
Were they being wise or merely putting off the
inevitable? Was this appeasement?
19
Occupying the Rhineland

The Rhineland was off limits to Hitler
The Treaty of Versailles forbade it
 The Rhineland was a buffer to protect
France

Hitler gambled France and Britain would
do nothing and he was right
 Another sign of appeasement Hitler had
counted on
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Occupying the Rhineland

In October 1936, Hitler and Mussolini created
an alliance called the Axis Powers


To be the “axis” the world turns around on it
Germany and Italy later joined with Japan to
form the Anti-Comintern Pact

Though Soviet Dictator Joseph Stalin urged the
West to unite in opposition against the Axis, the
West refused
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The West didn’t trust Stalin
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Seizing Austria

Hitler wanted to add Austria to Germany
“Germany-Austria must return to the great
mother country”
 In 1934, Hitler tried to seize Austria, but
Mussolini mobilized Italian troops
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Now they were allies, however
Hitler bullied the Austrian Chancellor into
placing Nazis into key government posts
22
Seizing Austria

Bullied by Hitler, the Austrian Chancellor
appealed to Britain and France for help


Again, the two major democratic powers, France
and Great Britain did nothing
In March 1938 Hitler sent troops into Austria
and proclaimed it part of Germany
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Hitler said he was promoting stability in Central
Europe by uniting German peoples
No Western powers took military action
23
Tension Builds in Europe
Czechoslovakia was the only democratic
nation in Central Europe
 Created by treaty at the end of WW I
 Key strategic position
 High standard of living
 Strong army
 Alliances with France and Russia
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Tensions Build in Europe

Czechoslovakia had many minority
peoples—besides Czechs and Slavs


Hungarians; Ruthenians; Germans
During the 1930s, minorities began to
demand more freedom
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Hitler took advantage of minority problems
to destroy the country
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Tensions Build in Europe

In September 1938 Hitler demanded the
Germans of the Sudetenland be given
the right of self-determination
Czechoslovakia responded with martial law
 To avert an international crisis, British Prime
Minister Neville Chamberlain suggested he
and Hitler meet to discuss the matter
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Tensions Build in Europe

Hitler takes advantage of Chamberlain’s
appeasement approach
Chamberlain met with Hitler in Germany
where Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia be
turned over to Germany
 Chamberlain accepted Hitler’s offer because
he felt appeasement would stabilize Europe
 Hitler then raised his demands, stating the
Sudetenland must be united with Germany
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The Munich Conference

On September 29, 1938, Chamberlain met
with Hitler for a third time
Also attending were French Premier Edouard
Daladier and Italy’s Benito Mussolini
 Mussolini offered compromise which gave the
Sudetenland to Germany; in return Hitler
would respect Czechoslovakia’s sovereignty.
Hitler also promised not to take anymore
European territory and settle disputes
peacefully in the future
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The Munich Conference
Still hoping to avoid war, Great Britain
and France accepted the terms
 On September 30, Czechoslovakia
reluctantly accepted the terms
 Chamberlain returned home to cheering
crowds—hailed as a hero

He said he ensured “peace in our time”
 He said he trusted Hitler and the Nazis
would cause no more trouble
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The Munich Conference

On March 15, 1939, Hitler sent his troops
into Czechoslovakia
Took control of western part of the country
 The eastern part became a puppet state
 Western nations could no longer maintain
their illusions about Hitler’s plans
 Western nations began to prepare for war
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The Coming War

More German demands followed the
Munich agreement
Hitler forced Lithuania to give up city of
Memel
 Hitler pressured Poland threatening to take
over the port of Danzig and some land
 Great Britain and France promised to help
Poland
 The Polish government accepted the help
and rejected Hitler’s demands
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The West and the Soviets

To defend Poland, the Western powers had to
consider the Soviet Union and Stalin
 The West (particularly Chamberlain) didn’t
trust Stalin; they suspected he wanted to
extend Communism throughout Europe
 Stalin suspected the goal of the Munich
Agreement was to direct German attention
toward the Soviet Union
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The West and the Soviets

Trying to determine who was the greater
enemy, Fascism or Communism, was a
problem for the West
 Chamberlain asks the Soviets to fight on the
side of the West

Stalin said “yes” if the Soviets could occupy large
stretch of European land; Chamberlain refused
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Stalin thought the West would like to see Germany
and Soviet Union destroy themselves
33
Nazi-Soviet Talks

Because he doubted that the West would
come to his country’s aid if Germany
threatened it, Stalin signed a Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact in August 1939
 Germany and the Soviet Union pledged never
to attack each other and to remain neutral if
the other became involved in war
 They secretly agreed to create spheres of
influence in Europe
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Nazi-Soviet Talks

Stalin and Hitler had no illusions about
their talks

Long time enemies; this was a short-term
arrangement needed for both nations
Soviets needed time to prepare for war
 Germans could secure the Eastern border


The Pact shocked Western leaders
West lost Soviets as ally
 Hitler free to pursue Poland
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Nazi-Soviet Talks

Hitler was convinced the West would do
nothing if he invaded Poland

“The men of Munich will not take the risk”
Hitler sent his armies across the Polish
frontier on September 1, 1939
 Two days later, Great Britain and France
declared war on Germany, beginning
World War II
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War in Europe
Section 2
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Read to Find Out

Main Idea: Hitler
 People to Meet:
took over most of
Winston Churchill,
Europe, sparking
Charles de Gaulle,
responses from
Franklin D.
Great Britain and the
Roosevelt
United States
 Places to Locate:
 Terms to Define:
Finland, Norway,
Blitzkrieg, blitz, cashLondon, Libya
and-carry policy,
lend-lease
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Overview

Blitzkrieg into Poland, Sept 1, 1939
Planes, tank divisions (panzers), then
troops
 Troops in motorized vehicles
 One and a half million troops

Great Britain and France sent forces
immediately
 The Soviet Union moved forces to its
Eastern border
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Overview
Stalin forced Latvia, Lithuania, and
Estonia to accept Soviet military bases
 Finland refused to let Soviets in

War broke out, Finns fought bravely but lost
and were forced to accept Soviets
 Soviets now had 70 more miles west to help
defend them and making Leningrad less
vulnerable
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Hitler Looks to the West

All through the winter and spring of 1939
and 1940, the western front was quiet
Germans called it “sit-down war”: Sitzkrieg
 Many hoped all-out conflict could still be
avoided

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After Finland fell, British placed mines
(underwater explosives) outside Norway
to stop German shipping
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The Invasion of Scandinavia

Hitler used the mining to deliver an
ultimatum to Norway and Denmark
They must accept protection from the
“Reich”
 He told them the West would attack them
 The Danes accepted his demands, the
Norwegians declined

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The Invasion of Scandinavia
The Germans began to seize major cities
in Norway, including Oslo
 On April 9, Hitler took control of both
Denmark and Norway, winning the outlet
to the Atlantic that he needed

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Hitler’s German navy would not be bottled
up in the Baltic Sea as it was in WW I
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The Invasion of Scandinavia

The fall of Denmark and Norway caused
an uproar in the British House of
Commons
Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain lost the
confidence of his party and the people
 Chamberlain’s policy’s were strongly
criticized as being ineffective
 Chamberlain steps down from his position
as Prime Minister
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The Invasion of Scandinavia

With the resignation of Chamberlain
On May 10, 1940, King George VI
summoned Winston Churchill to
Buckingham Palace and asked him to form
a new government
 Winston Churchill had been one of the few
politicians to warn of the Nazi danger in the
1930s, was now prime minister
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The Fall of France

The Maginot Line was impressive but it
was flawed

Had a gap of 50 miles in the Ardennes
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An area of rolling hills, fast moving rivers, and
thick forests stretching from Belgium,
Luxembourg, and France
46
The Fall of France

Hitler carried out a massive attack on the
Low Countries: Belgium, Luxembourg,
and the Netherlands

German troops parachute into the
Netherlands
First large airborne attack in history
 Dutch totally surprised
 Five days later, the Dutch gave up
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The Fall of France
On the same day that Germany invaded
the Netherlands—May 10, 1940—Britain
and France moved their troops into
Belgium.
 German panzers began to circle the
Allies, while other German divisions
raced toward France
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Dunkirk

Although Belgium forces fought valiantly, they
could not hold out
 The Germans pushed westward trapping the
Belgium, British, and French forces in the
northwest corner of France
 The only hope was an evacuation by sea from
the French port of Dunkirk
 For reasons never entirely understood, Hitler
orders his forces to halt before they reached
the coast; German forces in sight of the coast
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Dunkirk

With 300,000 troops at Dunkirk
surrounded by the Germans, a rescue
operation is ordered on May 26
Ragtag armada of 850 vessels
 Destroyers, cruisers, trawlers, tugs, yachts,
fishing boats
 Mostly civilian operated
 In 9 days of rescue operations, while under
air and ground attack, the rescue was a
success
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Dunkirk
Germans faced an unprepared French
army and confused French government
 The Germans continued their sweep into
France and on June 14 entered Paris
 A week later, France signed an armistice
with Germany
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Vichy and the Free French

The Germans now occupied all of
northern France and set up a puppet
government in southern France in the
city of Vichy called the Vichy government
French Field Marshall Henri Petain
collaborated with the Germans
 Many French citizens continued to fight for
freedom: French Resistance, an
underground unit of French citizens
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Battle of Britain

All that stood
between Hitler and
German domination
of western Europe
was Winston
Churchill and the
British people
Winston Churchill
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
On May 13, 1940, Churchill stated in a
speech in the House of Commons that
he had “nothing to offer but blood, toil,
tears, and sweat” and that Great Britain’s
message was “victory at all costs”
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Battle of Britain

Churchill—in the House of Commons
“You ask what is our policy?...to wage war
with all our might and with all the strength
that God can give us”
 “You ask what is our aim? I can answer
with one word: Victory—victory at all costs
in spite of all terror, victory, however hard
and long the road may be; for without
victory, there is no survival”

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Battle of Britain

Hitler knew he had to destroy airfields
and industry to defeat Britain
Hitler began to bomb Britain in early August
1940
 Hitler’s Air Force chief, Hermann Goering,
sent 1000 planes per day to fight the Royal
Air Force (RAF)

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The Germans lost more planes than the Brits
56
Battle of Britain

Germany switched to massive night
bombings of London
From September 7 to November 3 German
bombers pounded London with its great blitz
 In one night, German bombers dropped
70,000 fire bombs on London

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Thousands were killed or injured; buildings
destroyed, power and gas lines broken, roads
and railways knocked out
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Battle of Britain
Despite the massive death and
destruction heaped upon the British
people by Hitler, British morale did not
break
 Of the RAF pilots, Churchill wrote,
“Never in the field of human conflict was
so much owed by so many to so few”
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Anglo-American Cooperation
Throughout the early phases of the war,
the United States was determined to
remain neutral
 The United States congress enacted
laws designed to prevent American
involvement in the war
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Anglo-American Cooperation

Congressional laws prohibited
involvement

The Neutrality Acts of 1937
Prohibited arms shipments, loans, and credit to
belligerent countries
 Congress later banned the export of armaments
to either side in the Spanish Civil War

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Anglo-American Cooperation
President Franklin D. Roosevelt became
convinced that Germany’s expansion
endangered American security
 Recognizing that Britain and France
could not stop Hitler without American
aid, Roosevelt rallied American opinion
 News reports made Americans
sympathetic to Britain’s plight

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Anglo-American Cooperation

Churchill appealed to the United States
for help
Roosevelt gave the British 50 old American
naval destroyers in exchange for bases on
British soil
 Roosevelt convinced congress the cash-and
carry policy was legal and kept the U.S.
neutral

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Anglo-American Cooperation

Cash-and-Carry Policy
Great Britain traded cash for supplies (no
loans or credit)
 Kept American neutrality

Cost of war drained the British treasury
 Lend-Lease Policy

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Congress authorized President to lend war
equipment to any country whose defense is
vital to America’s national security
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Anglo-American Cooperation

On August 9, 1941, Churchill and
Roosevelt issued a joint declaration
called the Atlantic Charter calling for
Freedom of trade
 The right of people to choose their own
government
 The “final destruction of Nazi tyranny”

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Eastern Europe and Africa
Mussolini declared war on France and
Britain
 Although vastly outnumbered, the British
scored victory after victory against the
Italians stationed along Libya’s north
coast

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Eastern Europe and Africa

Churchill diverted some troops from Africa to
Europe to stop Hitler’s advance

This mistake left British troops in Africa vulnerable


British tanks and 12,000 troops were captured
Hitler sent General Erwin Rommel (the Desert
Fox) to command a tank force in Libya

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Rescued Italians and pushed the British from Libya
Probably Hitler’s best general—respected on both
sides for his clever tactics
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A Global Conflict
Section 3
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Read to Find Out
Main Idea: Particular events led the
Soviet Union and the United States to
enter World War II
 Terms to Define: scorched earth policy,
Holocaust, genocide
 People to Meet: Isoroku Yamamoto
 Places to Locate: Moscow, Kiev,
Leningrad, Dachau, Warsaw, Auschwitz,
Pearl harbor

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Invasion of the Soviet Union
Hitler not able to defeat Britain
 Hitler wants steppe lands of Soviet
Union, plus wheat and oil


Hitler launches Operation Barbarossa
against the Soviets
Stalin surprised by invasion
 Germans destroy most of Soviet air force,
disable thousands of tanks, and capture half a
million Soviet soldiers

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Invasion of the Soviet Union

Stalin issued scorched-earth-policy

Destroy everything useful to invaders
Germans moved 600 miles into Soviet
Union, captured Kiev, and began the
siege of Leningrad
 Soviets would not surrender
 Germans move to within assault of
Moscow

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Invasion of Soviet Union

Soviets stage a counterattack and force
the Germans to retreat
Germans face formidable Soviet winter
 A German soldier: “We had no gloves. We
had no winter shoes…Guns didn’t work
anymore. Even our wireless equipment
didn’t work properly anymore because the
batteries were frozen hard”

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The Nazi Order

Create a “New Order” in Europe
Rule Europe and exploit resources
 Force people to work for the “master race”
 Exterminate “undesirable elements” such as
the Jews and the Slavs


Hitler began to plunder occupied
countries

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Seized art, raw materials, and factory
equipment
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The Nazi Order
Nazis drove millions into forced labor
and concentration camps
 Nazis massacred millions more



1939-1944, 7.5 million people sent to
Germany to work in factories, fields, and
mines
Many people joined underground
resistance units to fight the Nazis
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The Holocaust

Beginning 1941, as planned, Nazis
started to exterminate all Jews in Europe
During the next four years, Nazis murdered
more than 6 million Jews
 Mass destruction of Jewish people known
as the Holocaust
 Another 6 million people, including Slavs
and Gypsies, were also killed

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The Holocaust: Beginnings

Mid-1940, Nazis began persecuting
Jews
Expelled Jews from jobs and schools
 Forced them to wear yellow badges
showing the Star of David, an ancient
Jewish symbol
 Those unable to escape were sent to Nazi
concentration camps such as Dachau

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The Holocaust: Beginnings

Largest Jewish populations were in
Poland and the Soviet Union
Jews forced into areas known as ghettos
 Largest ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland

Highly unsanitary
 Contagious diseases
 Only small amounts of food permitted
 Tens of thousands died from starvation
 Tried to live normally; secret education classes

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The Holocaust: The Killing Squads

Invasion of the Soviet Union was turning
point in Nazi mistreatment of Jews
Turned to mass murder of Jews
 Special units embedded with the German
army called the SS killed Jews on contact
 After giving up their belongings, Jews were
taken outside town and shot; their bodies
dumped into mass graves

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The Holocaust: The Killing Squads
The killing squads murdered over a
million Jews and hundreds of thousands
of other innocent people
 At Babi Yar, near Kiev in Ukraine, about
35,000 Jews were murdered in two days
of shooting

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The Holocaust: The Final Solution

In January 1942, Nazi party and German
government agreed on the “final solution”
Nazi code word for the destruction of all
European Jews
 First time a modern state established
campaign of genocide—the deliberate killing
of a people on the basis of race, politics, or
culture

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The Holocaust: The Final Solution

Beginning Summer 1942 rounded up
Jews in Europe by the hundreds of
thousands
Transported by train or truck to death
camps such as Auschwitz in Poland where
most eventually died
 Many murdered in poison gas chambers,
died of starvation, or victims of experiments
by Nazi doctors

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The Holocaust: Response and
Resistance

Nazis tried to keep the camps secret


Jews found out and tried to fight back but
were outnumbered and out gunned
Some Jews joined resistance fighters

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Hannah Senesh was parachuted into
Hungary to organize resistance efforts; she
was caught and killed
81
The Holocaust: Response and
Resistance

Anti-Semitic Europeans helped Nazis
Pro-Nazi governments in France, Italy, and
Hungary sent tens of thousands of Jews to
death camps
 Banks in neutral Switzerland profited from
the money and valuables stolen from the
Jews by Nazis


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By 1990s, much of the wealth had not been
returned
82
The Holocaust: Response and
Resistance
Most people in occupied areas did
nothing, thinking it didn’t concern them or
they feared retribution from the Nazis
 Some people did help


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Denmark actively the Nazis regime’s efforts
to remove its Jewish citizens
83
The Holocaust: Response and
Resistance

Evidence of the Holocaust reached the
outside world
Little action was taken
 Allied governments believed fighting and
winning was the only way to help the Jews
 Full horror of the Holocaust not realized until
Allied forces had liberated the concentration
camps and death camps in 1945

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Japanese Expansion

Seizing much of China, Japan turned to
European colonies in East and
Southeast Asia
Looking for raw materials
 Thanks to Hitler, European nations left their
colonies defenseless


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French Indo-china, Dutch East Indies, Singapore
(Great Britain)
85
Japanese Expansion

Japan announced plan to create “new
order in greater East Asia”
“Asia for the Asiatics”
 Japan moved to establish the “Greater East
Asia Coprosperity Sphere

Appeal to Asians wanting to rid their lands of
European rule
 Japan was given permission by France to build
airfields in Indochina; Japan then attacked
southern Indochina

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Japanese Expansion

With Japan attacking Indochina, the
United States placed an embargo on
selling scrap iron to Japan

Japan responded by signing the Tripartite
Pact with Germany and Italy in September
27, 1940

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They agreed to receive the space for which they
are entitled and come to each others’ defense
87
Pearl Harbor

When Japan invaded Indochina July 24,
1941, President Roosevelt demanded
they withdraw
Congress placed embargo on oil
 Congress froze Japanese assets


Japan would go to war with the U.S.
because Japan believed the U.S. stood
in its way for expansion in the East
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88
Pearl Harbor
To defeat the U.S., Japan knew it had to
destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl
Harbor
 Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto convinced
Japanese leaders that Pearl Harbor was
vulnerable to attack using bombers
aboard aircraft carriers and newly
developed torpedoes

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89
Pearl Harbor
In November 1941, Japanese fleet set
sail
 U.S. and Japanese negotiations had
broken down
 Roosevelt knew Japan was poised for
attack but believed it would be Southeast
Asia

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90
Pearl Harbor
As a precaution, U.S. military leaders
sent all aircraft carriers and half the
army’s planes from Pearl Harbor
 On the morning of December 7, 1941,
the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor


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The damage to the Pacific Fleet was event
greater than Japan had hoped for
91
Pearl Harbor

Within 25 minutes of the attack, the
Japanese sank or damaged the
battleships
Arizona
 Utah
 Oklahoma
 West Virginia
 California

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Pearl Harbor

Altogether, the Japanese
Sank 19 American ships
 Destroyed 188 planes
 Killed more than 2400 people
 Wounded 1100 people

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Pearl Harbor

President Franklin D. Roosevelt
appeared before congress the next day
He asked for and received a declaration of
war against Japan
 Called December 7 “ date which will live in
infamy”

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Pearl Harbor

Simply put, Pearl harbor changed the
entire course of World War II

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The Japanese attack brought the United
States, with its powerful military potential,
into World War II
95
Pearl Harbor

On February 19, 1942, President
Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066
Authorized the War Department to move
112,000 Japanese Americans (men,
women, and children) from the West Coast
to crude internment camps farther inland
 Japanese Americans lost their constitutional
rights, property, homes, and businesses

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96
Pearl Harbor
Despite the policy of internment of
Japanese Americans, they remained
loyal to the U.S. and none were ever
charged with espionage or sabotage
 Twenty six thousand Japanese
Americans fought for the U.S in WW II


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The 442nd Regimental Combat Team (highly
decorated Japanese unit) distinguished
itself in combat in Italy
97
Pearl Harbor

Not until 1988 did the U.S. government
acknowledge the wrong done to
Japanese Americans during WW II

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That year, President Ronald Reagan signed
a bill that gave surviving internees a formal
apology and reparations for their suffering
during internment
98
The Allies
With U.S. at war with Japan, Italy and
Germany declared war on the U.S.
 Great Britain, backing the U.S., declared
war on Japan
 Western democracies and the Soviet
Union put aside differences to defeat the
common enemy

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The Allies

Stalin wanted Allies to open a second
front taking the pressure off the Soviets
Three million people were trapped in
Leningrad; within 2 years, one million would
die from cold and starvation
 Roosevelt favored the second front, but
Churchill was against it; Britain would have
to bear the brunt if launched

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The Allies
Roosevelt and Churchill postponed plans
for an invasion of Europe
 The two leaders concentrated on
campaigns in North Africa and the
Mediterranean

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101
Turning Points
Section 4
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102
Read to Find Out
Main Idea: The tide of war turned in favor
of the Allies during 1942 and 1943
 Terms to Define: kamikaze
 People to Meet: Erwin Rommel, Bernard
Montgomery, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Douglas MacArthur, Chester W. Nimitz
 Places to Locate: Stalingrad,
Casablanca, Sicily, Guadalcanal

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Overview

In early months of 1942, the war was
going badly for the Allies
The American Pacific Fleet destroyed
 Japanese gains in the pacific
 German forces in the Soviet Union and
Africa in strong position


By the end of 1942, the tide of the war
had begun to turn for the Allies
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Sea and Air Battles

Shipping resources to Britain under the
Lend-Lease Act was dangerous
U-boats had sunk 114 Allied and neutral
ships
 German air attacks had taken their toll


The new German battleship Bismarck
was a major threat in the Atlantic and the
British finally sunk it
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Sea and Air Battles

As they fought for control of the Atlantic,
the Allies carried out an offensive against
Germany
Attacks were directed at factories, railroads,
dockyards, and cities and towns
 Purpose: To destroy Germany’s war-making
capability and weaken the will of the people
to continue the war

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Stalingrad
In July 1942, the German army was
advancing on Stalingrad—things looked
bad for the Soviets
 Churchill met with Stalin to tell him there
would be no second front

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
Stalin told his troops to hold Stalingrad at
all costs—fight to the death

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Fall of Stalingrad—would be huge moral
victory
108
Stalingrad

The Soviets launched a counterattack
against the Germans
Although winter was devastating and the
Soviets were advancing, Hitler would not let
his army retreat
 Soviets able to surround the German army
 German army surrendered in 1943


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100,000 German soldiers dead; 80,000 captured
109
Stalingrad

Many historians see the Battle of
Stalingrad as the turning point in WW II
Killing 100,000 and capturing 80,000
 Capturing large quantities of German
military equipment
 Did this battle break the back of the German
military machine? Many believe so

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110
War in the Desert
General Erwin Rommel, Commander,
Afrika Corps, had been pushing the
British back to Egypt
 General Bernard Montgomery (British)
stopped him and pushed him back to
Tripoli
 As Allied troops were landing in the
west, the Allies began a pincer move
against Rommel

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111
War in the Desert

Vichy government helping Germans
To end the fighting, Allied Commander
General Dwight David Eisenhower struck a
deal with the Vichy that ended their
resistance to the allies
 Rommel flew to Germany and told Hitler the
cause was hopeless in Africa
 In May, 1943, the Germans surrendered
North Africa

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112
Invasion of Italy
The Allies decided to invade Italy
through Sicily in July 1943
 Pressing in on Messina, the Germans
and Italians flee

The conquest of Sicily soon led to
Mussolini’s downfall
 King Victor Emanuel II fired Mussolini and
had him arrested
 The Fascist Party was dissolved

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Invasion of Italy

Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio
surrendered unconditionally
The Germans occupied Rome two days
later, forced Badoglio out, saved Mussolini
and placed in control of Northern Italy
 Massive bombardment and 5 months to
dislodged the Germans from Monte
Cassino, 6th century monastery that
controlling Rome’s main road


The Allies now moved into Rome
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Pacific War

The Japanese took over much of
Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Japanese disliked as they took land and
killed civilians
 Two main naval battles helped Allies to win

Battle of the Coral Sea
 Battle of Midway—ended Japan’s control of the
Pacific

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Pacific War

To follow up naval victories, the
Americans launched an attack against
the Pacific Island of Guadalcanal
First of many attacks by land forces of
General Douglas McArthur—strategy was to
“leapfrog” islands up to Japan itself
 Admiral Chester W. Nimitz confronted the
Japanese at sea

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116
Pacific War
The “leapfrog” strategy included
conquering some island and bypassing
others—letting them “wither in the vine”
 As Americans advanced, Japanese used
kamikaze (suicide) pilots who crashed
their planes into ships and bases
 The Japanese were far from surrender

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Allied Victories
Section 5
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118
Read to Find Out
Main Idea: New technology affected the
conduct and outcome of World War II
 Terms to Define: D-Day, partisan
 People to Meet: George Patton, Harry S.
Truman, Clement Attlee
 Places to Locate: Rhine River, Berlin,
Yalta, Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki

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119
Overview
To fight the Axis, Allied democracies
geared their economies for war
production, rationed goods, and
regulated prices
 Citizens rights were limited
 The Depression was ended by the war


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Full employment came with hiring soldiers
and employing men and women in factories
120
D-Day
At a 1943 conference in Tehran,Iran,
Roosevelt and Churchill told Stalin they
were opening a second front
 One June 6, 1944 (D-Day), Operation
Overlord commenced

176,000 soldiers
 600 ships
 10,000 aircraft

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121
D-Day

Operation Overlord
Convoys of troops sailed across the English
Channel to Normandy
 British bombers attacked coastal defenses
 Allied troops parachuted into France behind
the lines to assist the invasion
 Battleships pounded German positions
 Soldiers landed and moved forward amid
German machine gun fire

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122

Despite heavy resistance, the invasion
was a success
Allies launch offensive
 General George S. Patton and his troops
race across France
 French resistance rises up against
occupying Germans
 Germans retreat; August 25, Allied troops,
led by Free French forces, enter Paris

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123
Victory Over Germany
Soviet forces advance from east; by
Summer, 1944, push Germans from
Soviet Union
 Hitler thinks surprise attack will work

He cuts through the center of American
forces and creates a “bulge” in the Allied
line of troops (Battle of the Bulge)
 The Allies stop his advance at Bastogne,
Belgium

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Victory Over Germany
Allies storm across Rhine River,
Germany’s historical defensive barrier
 By this time, Germany’s cities had
undergone repeated Allied bombing
attacks—both day and night—which
destroyed industrial centers and killed
hundreds of thousands of people

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Victory Over Germany





The Soviets inflicted a savage revenge on the
German population
Soviets fought their way into Berlin and
extracted a huge toll
American and Soviet troops met at Elbe River
On May 7, the Germans surrender
unconditionally
The next day was proclaimed VE Day (Victory
in Europe Day) in Allied democracies
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126
Victory Over Germany

Italian partisans (resistance fighters) shot
Mussolini and Hitler committed suicide in
his under ground bunker
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127
Yalta and Potsdam

February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin met at Yalta—a Black Sea resort
in the Soviet Union
Agreed that France and China join the
United Nations
 Agreed to divide Germany and Berlin

Four zones
 Great Britain, France, United States, Soviet
Union

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128
Yalta and Potsdam
For Stalin promising to hold free
elections in his occupied European
lands, he was given part of Poland
 Stalin declared war on Japan and
received the Kuril Islands and the
southern part of Sakhalin Island

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129
Yalta and Potsdam

Potsdam, Germany, six months later
Harry S. Truman was now President of the
United States (Roosevelt had died)
 Clement Attlee of the Labor Party replaced
Winston Churchill as Prime Minister whom
he had defeated in an election
 Plans made for occupation of Germany
 Ultimatum issued to Japan to surrender
 New tensions were beginning to appear

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130
Victory Over Japan

By end of 1944, Allied victory over Japan
appeared inevitable
Bloody battles won at Iwo Jima and
Okinawa
 British defeat Japanese in Southeast Asia
 General Douglas McArthur regained the
Philippines
 General Hideki Tojo refuses to surrender

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131
Victory Over Japan

President Truman decides to use a new
secret weapon—the atomic bomb
He wanted to end the war swiftly and avoid
the enormous loss of American lives if it
became necessary to invade the home
islands
 He also may have used it to impress
Soviets with American military might

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Victory Over Japan

In the end, there were three central
reasons for Truman using “the bomb”
Invasion of Japan would cost more
American lives—up to a million or more
 Japan would not surrender nor did it give
any indication that it would
 Depredations of the Japanese equaled
those of the Nazis

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Victory Over Japan

Invasion of Japan would cost more
American lives…
In previous battles (Tarawa, Aleutians, etc.)
Japanese soldiers fought to the death—
99% died before victory was achieved
 In Saipan hundreds of civilians refused to
surrender—huddling in groups as grenades
blew them up or roping themselves together
and wading out into the ocean

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134
Victory Over Japan

Invasion of Japan would cost more
American lives…
Despite whose estimates of loss of life, it
seemed clear that invasion of Japan would
cost the lives of over 1 million soldiers and 1
million civilians
 Even after the first bomb fell, the Japanese
made no effort to surrender

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135
Victory Over Japan

Japan would not surrender nor did it give
any indication that it would…

After the first atomic bomb exploded, the
Japanese government called in Dr. Yoshio
Nishina, Japan’s foremost atomic scientist


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Could Japan make such a weapon quickly
Japan had enacted Operation Decision, a
plan to use 2.5 million troops and 28 million
civilians against American invaders
136
Victory Over Japan

Depredations of the Japanese equaled
those of the Nazis

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The treatment of conquered peoples,
particularly the Chinese and prisoners of
war, placed the Japanese on the level of the
Nazis with reference to uncivilized actions
137
Victory Over Japan

On August 6, 1945, an American plane
dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima,
a munitions center: the blast leveled
most of the city: no Japanese response
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138
Three days later, Americans dropped a
second bomb on port city of Nagasaki
 200,000 Japanese died from both bombs
 Many more would die from radioactivity

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139
Victory Over Japan

On August 14, 1945, Japan surrendered
September 2 declared V-J Day (Victory of
Japan)
 Japanese officials signed the surrender
document aboard the battleship Missouri in
Tokyo Bay—World War II was over

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140
Effects of the War
70 million people fought
 55 million died in conflict
 Soviet Union lost 22 million
 Germany lost 8 million
 Japan lost 2 million
 United States lost 300,000
 Millions more died due to genocide

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Effects of the War

Between November 1945 and
September 1946, war trials were held in
Nuremburg, Germany
Many German leaders brought to justice
 “Committing crimes against humanity” and
for pursuing an “aggressive war”
 Similar war trials were held in Japan and
Italy

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Effects of the War
Much of Europe and Asia lay in ruins
 New weapons made WW II most deadly
in history
 Twelve million people homeless
 For millions of people, the hardships
lasted long after the war

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Effects of the War
The United States stands alone as the
world’s dominant power
 The Soviet Union is emerging as the
primary challenger

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