Transcript Welcome to Era 9 Paradoxes of Global Accelerationn

Big Era Eight
A Half Century of Crisis
1900 - 1950
Why is
Big Era Eight
about crisis?
Three major events shook up the
modern world system that had
been created during Big Era
Seven.
Depression
World War II
World War I
What could the crises of Big Era Eight upset?
They could upset
the balance of
political and economic
forces in the
modern world.
Before we go any
further, how was the
world tied together at
the start of the 20th
century?
• Communications networks made
possible by the telegraph, telephone,
and undersea cable.
• Transportation networks made possible
by the railway, steamship, and (soon to
come) airplane.
• Trade and financial networks.
• Diplomatic relations and alliances.
• Relations between imperial powers and
the colonial peoples they ruled.
Did an equal balance of
political and military power
exist among world regions
in Big Era Eight?
Oh, no.
I like to throw my
weight around.
At the start, European countries
dominated Big Era Eight. By the
end…well, we’ll talk about that
towards the end. For now, let’s pick
up where Big Era Seven left off.
Europe
European descent-dense
European descent-sparse
European influence
European colonies
Japanese Empire
You already
know that
Europeans got
the upper hand
in the modern
world system
during the later
part of Big Era
Seven.
Why did Europeans have
so much power in the
modern world system?
• In Big Era Seven,
western European
countries achieved
greater economic power
than most other
countries as a result of
industrialization.
• Many European
governments and
businesses wanted more
overseas markets and
raw materials.
• Western European
military forces had big
world leads in military
technology.
Also . . .
The last quarter of the
19th century saw great
droughts and famines
in many parts of the
world.
These disasters were
connected to El Niño
climatic conditions.
These disasters caused
economic, social, and
political disruption in
African and Asian
societies just when
European power was
strongest.
Did Europeans get only
benefits from the
modern world system?
No.
Europe’s leaders competed
with each other to dominate
the modern world. Their
competition helped cause
World War I, the first crisis
of Big Era Eight.
Also, many workers in
Europe felt that their
political and business
leaders treated them poorly.
German cartoon depicts the
threat of British imperial
expansion in the 19th century.
No. Americans
expanded their
opportunities
at home and
abroad.
Did other
industrial
countries accept
Europe having
exclusive
dominance?
No. The
Japanese
government
seized an
empire in
East Asia
Some
collaborated
with the
European
takeover…
What did peoples in
Asia and Africa do
when European
powers invaded their
lands or put economic
pressure on them?
Many resisted, though usually
failed to defeat European
armies. The Ethiopians
repelled the Italians in 1896,
but this was an exception.
So, to review:
European countries dominated
a booming world economy at
the start of Big Era Eight. But
many people in other places
(and some in Europe) did not
like this system.
This is getting
old.
So how did the
crises of Big Era
Eight change things?
1. Two wars and a worldwide economic
collapse weakened European dominance.
World War II
World War I
Depression
2. But some countries saw these crises as
opportunities to gain new influence or
take over parts of the system.
World War I was fought in several parts of
the world, though the longest and biggest battles
took place in Europe. The war killed both soldiers
and civilians, and it devastated both towns and
countryside.
20,000,000
people died in
connection
with the war, far
more than in any
earlier war in
world history.
Regions
where
fighting
took place
in World
War I
1
2
3
1 Western European
Front
2 Eastern European
Front
3 Italian Front
4 Balkan Front
5 Palestine/Syria
6 Iraq
7 Arabia
8 German Togoland
9 German Camaroons
10 German East Africa
11 German Southwest
Africa
12 German Pacific Islands
12
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
How did World War I
weaken Europe’s
global dominance?
It devastated Europe
both physically and
psychologically.
Europeans saw that
industrialization made
warfare more brutal,
deadly, and
destructive.
Many felt disillusioned
and lost their belief in
progress.
If World War I weakened
European power, how did it affect
everyone else?
Hey! How’d I get
off the ground?
It’s about time
some more of us
made our weight
felt.
The war caused death
and destruction in
the Middle East and
Africa—wherever
fighting took place.
It caused economic
and social stress in
all the European
colonial empires.
Societies all over the world contributed resources
or soldiers to the war effort, gaining experience
and a firmer voice on the global stage.
Colonial soldiers became more confident
in their own abilities and less awed
by their foreign rulers.
Indian soldiers in
Belgium
As a result, some local leaders in colonies began
to call for self-determination or independence.
India
South Africa
Meanwhile, in Europe upheaval gave other
industrial countries opportunities to grow.
Ford factory,
Detroit, Michigan
Women everywhere took on new responsibilities
outside the home as part of the Total War effort.
France
Russia
USA
In 1917, the Bolshevik Party led a
successful Communist revolution in
Russia.
The Bolsheviks overthrew the
monarchy of the Tsar, which had been
in power for centuries.
Russia had been an ally of Britain,
France, and the US. But Lenin, the
Bolshevik leader, took Russia out of
World War I.
Tsar Nicholas II was
Executed in 1918
After World War I, the modern world
became more closely tied together
than ever before.
Did the world change in
important ways?
Yes. Along with global trade and finance, sounds
from radios and images from movies and
magazines helped knit a modern global culture.
The 1920s saw silent film, tango, flappers,
and jazz gain global popularity.
Paris
USA
Argentina
Japan
India
Then, the Great Depression
happened.
35
Value of
Global
Exports in
Billions of
Dollars
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
The Depression put another dent in the sense
of progress and possibility that many people
had felt. The global economy spread misery as
well as wealth and prosperity.
1
Unemployment and
hunger rippled through
many societies, raising
doubts about the system.
Brazil
USA
France
Did the Depression in the
modern world system
affect everyone the same
way?
No, some industries in
the West kept going.
And some workers kept
going on strike when
they felt the system was
treating them badly.
(Remember the unhappy
workers before World
War I?)
Sit-down strikers, 1937, USA.
Communists said the modern
world system had to change.
Government planning,
communal ownership, and a
classless society should replace
free markets and close the
divide between rich owners
and poor workers.
12
10
8
6
In fact, the Soviet Union under
the Bolsheviks remained
authoritarian and repressive.
2
0
-2
R
SS
U
y
an
n
n
pa
i
ita
ce
m
er
Ja
G
Br
SA
U
an
Fr
Even so, while most of the
capitalist world struggled in
the 1930s, the Soviet Union’s
industrial economy grew
rapidly.
4
Soviet GNP growth per year
1928-37
How did the Depression and
the challenge of Communism
add to the crisis in the modern
world?
By the mid1930s,
there was a
three-way
struggle for
control of
modern
Hitler
world’s
future.
Along with Communism’s challenge to
liberal capitalism, a new challenger
appeared: Fascism.
Hitler
Mussolini
Stalin
Fascist leaders used nationalism and state control of
industries and cultural life to unite people of all classes.
These leaders blamed national troubles on foreigners and
communists.
Some fascist-run countries recovered quickly from the
Depression, partly by expanding their military economies.
Major countries
with Fasciststyle governments
by the 1940s
Spain
South Africa
Japan
Leaders of capitalist democracies
believed that they could meet the
challenges of Communism and
Fascism…
•by defending democratic
values.
•by modernizing capitalism
through economic and social
reform.
Regardless of these beliefs, democracies
used overseas colonies to help prop up the
home economies during the Depression.
Hawaii pineapple plantation
As they recovered from the Depression, both Germany
and Japan became increasingly aggressive. When
Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France
went to war against Germany. World War II was
underway.
At first, Fascist Germany and Communist Russia had a
tense alliance. But when Hitler invaded Russia in June
1941, Stalin allied Russia with
Britain and the United States.
The US entered the war after
Japan bombed Pearl Harbor
on December 7, 1941.
Japanese
Bombing
of Pearl
Harbor
World War II Alliances
Axis Powers: Italy,
Germany, and Japan
were fascist, anticommunist, and antiliberal democracy.
Mussolini and Hitler
Allies: The US and
Britain were liberal
democracies. The
USSR was Communist.
But all three were
anti-fascist.
Stalin, Roosevelt, & C
World War II involved men and
women fighting and serving all over
the world.
Areas of Fighting
Even more than in World War I, men and
women around the world fought in or
supported the battles of World War II.
West African
Canadian
Indian
New weapons and tactics of war made World
War II even more destructive and deadly than
World War I.
German plane
wreckage in
North Africa
Tokyo,
Japan
Both sides in the war
targeted civilians.
London,
England
Dresden,
Germany
The deadliest war in
history (over 50
million killed)…
ended with the use
of the deadliest
weapon in history.
What global changes resulted
from World War II?
New powers and political groups
competed to reshape the world.
The United States
took over as the
world’s leading
military and
economic power
and supporter of
reformed
capitalism and
liberal democracy
A poster encouraging
Americans to buy war
bonds to support the
war effort
A devastated
Western Europe
depended on US
aid for rebuilding.
This American
effort was called
the Marshall Plan.
Dutch cartoon, late 1940s
The USSR also emerged from the
war stronger than ever.
• It rebuilt its economy
without Western aid.
• It created an empire in
Eastern Europe.
• It worked to spread
Communist ideas and
revolutions.
• It became the USA’s
main rival for power in
the modern world.
Red Army Soldiers
Japan lost its empire, swore off militarism, and
rebuilt with American aid.
China became the second major communist
country after its revolution in 1949.
American Ships Sail to
Mao Zedong, Leade
Japan for Occupation,
Communist Revolut
Colonies sought
independence
from their former
European rulers.
Ho Chi Minh
in Vietnam
Nehru and Gandhi
in India
Nehru with Kwame
Nkrumah of the Gold
Coast/Ghana
European countries recovered from
the war and went on to new
prosperity.
But Europe no longer dominated the
world as it had at the start of the
century.
What happened?
That’s more
like it.
What will Big Era
Nine bring for the
modern world
system?
•More world-wide integration
(now called globalization).
Stay
tuned!
•More conflict too! Will
capitalism triumph over
Communism? The USA over
the USSR? Will new groups
push their way into the
competition for power? How
will the environment change?
Big Era Nine
Paradoxes of
Global Acceleration
1945-2004
The World in 1945:
 50 million people killed during WW II
 Parts of Europe, Asia, and North Africa
in ruins
 World trade severely damaged
Much of
the world
looked
pretty
bleak.
 Many European economies in shambles
European Colonial empires crumbling
Growing nationalist movements in Africa
and Asia
 U.S. the major industrial and atomic
power
The world entered a new era.
Cold War policies developed:
 The Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe
and part of Germany.
The U.S. moves to encircle the Soviet Union
with a system of alliances and military aid.
U.S. offers Marshal plan to rebuild Europe
and gives $13 billion in aid.
The U.S. adopted a policy of “Containment”
of the Soviet Union with military bases around
the world.
An “Iron Curtain” of tense relations
separated the Western allies from the U.S.S.R.
and its allies.
The World became divided into
two hostile camps: The U.S.S.R.
and the U.S.
Pres. Harry
Truman
1946-60
Joseph Stalin
During the Cold
War, the U.S.S.R
and the U.S.
followed a policy
of Mutual Assured
Destruction (MAD).
The U.S. and U.S.S.R
had enough nuclear
bombs to destroy the
world about 400
times.
I guess
it made
sense at
the
time.
Mutual Assured Destruction is a
military deterrence strategy in
which a full scale use of nuclear
weapons by one of the opposing
powers would result in the
destruction of both.
The Cold War was very costly
in lives.
1950-53 - A divided
Korea led to war,
separated family
members, and cost a
million lives,
including 48,000
Americans.
1963-1972 - Three
million people died in
the Vietnam War,
including 58,000
Americans.
The forty years of the Cold War were
costly in resources. We spent 3.5 trillion,
and for what?
We spent 5.5 trillion
dollars on nuclear
arms, and we won!
How much
is a trillion
dollars?
George H.W. Bush
Michail Gorbachev
A trillion dollars is enough to give each
family in the U.S. $100,000.
During the cold war many former
colonized peoples created new
nations.  India gained independence from
Britain in 1947.
 Indonesia gained independence
from the Dutch in 1949.
 Ghana gained independence from
Great Britain in 1957.
.
 By 1965 most former European
colonies had become newly created
independent nation-states.
The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for
the loyalties of these new nations.
Several of the new nations
pursued a non-aligned policy.
• In 1955 India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia
sponsored the Bandung Conference of NonAligned nations. It aimed to promote
solidarity among newly independent states
and to prevent the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
from meddling in their domestic affairs.
• Nehru and Sukarno led the meeting.
Sukarno
of
Indonesia
Nehru of India
Colonialism left new nations
“Underdeveloped.”
This table shows how shares of world Gross Domestic
Product changed between 1870 and 1998.
Date
India
China
Africa
Japan
Western
Europe and
U.S.
1870
12.2
17.2
3.6
2.3
42.5
1913
7.6
8.9
2.7
2.6
52.6
1950
4.2
4.5
3.6
3.0
53.6
1973
3.1
4.6
3.3
7.7
47.7
1998
5.0
11.5
3.1
7.7
42.5
What might we learn from this table about patterns
of economic development in the world?
In 1750, China and
India provided 57%
of world
manufacturing.
In 1953, they
manufactured only
4% of the world’s
goods.
What caused such a
dramatic change?
In the 1960s, as the colonized people gained
independence, the world-wide split between the
North –rich industrial nations—and the South –
poor “third world” nations—grew wider.
How did Western leaders try to
restore world trade after World War
II?
In 1944, at the Bretton
Woods Monetary
Conference in New
Hampshire, Western
leaders:
Created the World Bank.
Established the International
Monetary Fund.
Established stable currency
exchange rates.
Ushered in a new Global Age
of economic cooperation.
However, these agreements
did not include the
Communist bloc nations
In 1971, however, the high cost of the
Vietnam War prompted President Richard
Nixon to abolish the fixed currency
exchange rates that had been established
at Bretton Woods.
Gold backing for
currencies was
eliminated.
World currencies
“floated.”
The Age of Free Market
Capitalism began, but still
excluded the Soviet bloc
nations
“Underlying most
arguments against the
free market is a lack of
belief in freedom itself.“
Economist Milton
Friedman
In theory, free world trade
encourages greater economic
specialization, more productivity,
and greater wealth.
Efficient use of world
resources is possible.
And each country
can concentrate on
what it does best.
Tariffs are eliminated.
Businesses can move where
they make more profits.
More jobs are created.
People have more money
to spend.
In the 1980s the U.S. moved to expand
free market capitalism within the
global system.
Little government interference in
the market
What is
free
market
capitalis
m?
Freedom of individual choice
Borderless market economy
Markets as masters over state
policies
People should be free to pursue
economic self-interest
Consuming goods a major value
However, most nations continued to
pursue some forms of economic
nationalism
In the 1980s China moved toward a
free-market system and joined the
global economy.
China’s Trade surplus balance
with U.S. $666.2 billion in the 2004,
China now buys from 1-2 billion
dollars of the U.S. debt each day.
China’s economy will probably equal that of US.
In twenty-five years.
In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down and the Cold
War ended. Eastern European countries broke
away from Soviet control. The Soviet Union itself
broke into more than a dozen new states.
The Berlin Wall was
built in August 1961
The Wall was
destroyed
on November 9,
1989
In 1991, India abandoned it’s 44 year-old
socialist oriented economy and embraced a the
free market system and joined the global
economy.
With a GDP of 800 billion dollars, India is now the
fourth largest world economy after the U.S.,
China and Japan.
India’s growth rate has averaged about 5.8 per cent
for the past fifteen years.
Major exports
include
Clothing
Automobiles
Handicrafts
In the 1990s, with the integration
of many of the states of the
former Soviet Union and the
entry of China and India,
Globalization now embraced the
majority of the world’s
economies .
In the 1980s, the U.S., the major world power,
became the chief advocate of free market
capitalism for the global system.
What is Globalization?
Increasing global
connectedness through
rapid communication and
transport.
Rapid intensification of
worldwide social relations.
Swift and free flow of
capital, people, and ideas
across national borders.
World population has been
rapidly increasing.
Wow!
More than
6
billion
people
now alive.
billions
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1803 - 124 yrs 1927- 33 yrs 1960 - 14 yrs 1974 - 12 yrs 1986 – 13 yrs
The time it takes to add a billion
people grows shorter.
Life
expectancy
is rising,
but it varies
world wide.
Average life
expectancy
for the world
is 70 years.
Country
Average Life
Expectancy
Sweden
79.2
France
78
United
States
71.1
Bangladesh
62.8
Botswana
40.1
Zimbabwe
39.2
Speed of
travel has
increased
dramatically.
1957
World wide
communication
is almost
instantaneous
1962
1981
Look at this antique
computer. It doesn’t
even have a hard
drive!
1977
1982
The computer has been changing
billions of lives.
IT Engineer
seeks
househusband
..
Will you be my
E-pal?
We’re catching
up with the U.S.
economy.
I raised my
campaign funds via
the internet.
Where are the
books I ordered?
I’m applying
to college.
Cap from
Bangladesh
Shirt
from
Mexico
Backpack
from
China
Soccer ball
from
Pakistan
But what
does
globalizatio
n have to do
with me?
Jeans
from
Malaysia
Video game
from Japan
Sneakers from
Indonesia
New technologies allow humans to
control nature like never before
.
Expanding
technology
makes
possible a
cornucopia of
new products
for us
More goods are being produced,
bought, and sold worldwide
What
than ever before.
shall I buy
next?
Globalization also spreads ideas
and values.
Democratic ideas have spread to
more countries than ever before.
India
Korea
Japan
Taiwan
Malaysia
Qatar
Mali
Brazil
South
Africa
But globalization
brings high human
costs.
Although the world’s people are producing more than
47 trillion dollars in wealth, these riches are not
distributed equally.
The growing gap between the rich
and the poor continues to increase.
20% get most of the wealth.
The U.S. owns 11 trillion dollars of
this wealth.
2 billion of the world’s people live
on less than $2 a day.
Peasants are forced to leave the
land as money and wage
economies spread.
Workers without education and skills
are often left behind.
Global Distribution of Income
(2002)
Each bar represents
a fifth of the world's
population arranged
by income.
Richest
2nd
82.7
11.7
3rd
2.3
4th
1.9
Poorest
1.4
Percentage of Global Income
Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
of Selected
Countries and
Corporations
2002
Corporations in bold face
Some big
multinational
corporations
have more
wealth than
many nations.
GDP/value
added
Ranking
$trillion
1
United States
9.9
2
Japan
4.7
$billion
40
Malaysia
89.7
41
Colombia
81.3
42
Philippines
74.7
43
Chile
70.5
44
Wal-Mart
Stores
67.7
45
Pakistan
61.6
46
Peru
53.5
47
Algeria
53.3
48
Exxon
57.6
49
Czech Republic
50.8
50
New Zealand
51
Bangladesh
47.1
52
United Arab
Emirates
46.5
53
General Motors
46.2
54
Hungary
45.6
55
Ford Motor
45.1
56
Mitsubishi
44.3
57
Mitsui
41.3
58
Nigeria
41.1
59
Citigroup
39.1
60
Itachu
38.4
50
In poor countries child labor is
widespread. Some 212 million children of
ages 5-14 are working instead of going to
school.
These young
girls work 12
hours a day, 6
days a week,
earning $2-3 per
week.
Most child labor
involves
high energy work.
Outsourcing is increasing.
In 2003, the U.S. lost 234,000 information
technology jobs. An estimated 14 million more
jobs may move overseas. But the U.S. loss is a
gain for India, China, Ireland, Korea and other
nations
Narayana Murthy (right) and his
Infosys Information Technology
complex in Bangalore, India.
Manufacturing and capital flows
to the areas of the world where
they can make the most profits.
 Strong labor unions
 High wages
 Environment
protection laws and
 Unstable
governments
all tend to keep
businesses and
investment away.
The speed of globalization results in more pollution
and global warming caused by
over-cutting forests.
burning fossil fuels.
producing more industrial and consumer waste.
Growing threats to the
environment affect all people
Global warming
lead to major
floods.
Lots of people question
globalization.
Globalization
is forcing my
child to work.
.
Free trade
is destroying
us farmers.
Hollywood
is ruining
our
children.
Development
is destroying
our rain forest.
Industrial
countries are
leaving us out
of Globalization.
We have 50
million people
living in poverty.
Some people
believe that
globalization is
“cultural
imperialism”.
Can you interpret how
this cartoon depicts the
idea of “cultural
imperialism?”
Globalization involves
paradoxes.
You mean it’s
Profitable industry but widening not good for
gap between rich and poor?
everyone?
Lots of cultural pluralism but
people becoming “homogenized?”
Increasing interdependence but
small communities banding more
tightly together?
Huge wealth in industrialized
nations but great poverty in other
countries?
People respond to globalization
differently.
 Some wholeheartedly
embrace it.
 Some seek to maintain
their traditions in the face
of perceived threats.
 Some fight for more
economic fairness.
 Some turn to religion.
 Some violently oppose it.
 Some try to manage it for
the greater human good.
A house in Figuig, an oasis
in Morocco on the edge of the
Sahara Desert. This family
reaches out to the world through
its satellite dish.
Terrorism has ushered in a new
global threat.
Modern military strategies
and weapons are often
ineffective against suicide
attacks.
 Terrorists communicate and
spread their ideologies using
cell phones and the Internet.
Terrorist groups may have
cells in many nations.
In 2002, the United States
government adopted policies of
massive military intervention as part
of a war on terror.
2002 – U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan to topple the
government of the Taliban, which was cooperating with
international terrorists.
2003 – U.S. forces invaded Iraq to overthrow the government
of Saddam Hussein. The U.S. accused him of supporting
terrorism.
Are we entering a new era of
international relations?
In this new era will the U.S. act as
democratic leader, the supreme world
power, as an empire?
 owns about one fourth of
the world’s wealth.
working to create
democratic institutions in
Afghanistan, Iraq, and other
countries.
 has military force equal to
the next 20 countries
combined.
striving to be a model of
democracy for the world.
 maintains 725 military
bases, valued at $118 billion,
with 254,000 military
personnel in 153 nations.
Do these
factors help us
answer the
question?
Your decisions and actions will
help shape the future.
Will we cooperate to
fight terrorism and
work to ensure that
all people live in
dignity? How these
issues turn out is
really up to us.
One person can make a
difference.
Big Era
Nine ends
here, but
it’s not over
yet!