Transcript World History Comprehensive Review Unit

Comprehensive Review Unit
Legacy of Ancient Greece and
Rome
• Democratic ideas first develop in Greece
in limited form around 500 B.C. The
concept of a direct democracy is
developed around 450 B.C. by the Greeks
ruler Pericles. Rome develops the idea of
the republic and records fair, impartial
laws, establishing the idea of a
“government of laws, not of men.”
Judeo-Christian Tradition
• Judaism promotes the idea that people are
responsible for making moral choices and
for fighting against poverty and injustice.
Christianity promotes the idea of equality
which is central to democracy. The
Renaissance and the Reformation further
the ideas of individualism and of
challenging authoritarian institutions.
Democratic Developments in
England
• The Magna Carta limits the power of kings
and promotes individual rights. The
Parliament first develops in the late 13th
century and grows stronger over the next
four years. As Parliament gains strength,
England becomes a constitutional
monarchy.
The Enlightenment and
Democratic Revolutions
• The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers
Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, and
Montesquieu contribute to the rise of
democratic ideals. They inspire the rise of
democracy in America and France. The
struggle for democracy continues today.
Overview
• The rise of democratic ideas has taken
thousands of years, beginning with the
ancient Greeks and with the rise of
Judaism and Christianity. Today,
democratic institutions continue to grow
and spread throughout the world.
European Renaissance and
Reformation
Key Ideas
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
The Renaissance, a period of intellectual
and artistic creativity, flourishes in Italy,
beginning about 1300. Versatile artists
transform painting, sculpture, and
literature.
The Northern Renaissance
• In the 1400’s, Renaissance ideas spread
to northern Europe, where German and
Flemish masters create distinctive works
of art. The books of northern Renaissance
writers and philosophers become widely
available because of the invention of the
printing press.
Luther Starts the Reformation
• Martin Luther, a German monk, challenges
the authority of eh Catholic Church and
triggers the Reformation-a movement for
religious reform. The Reformation
spreads to England when King Henry VIII
breaks ties with the Catholic Church.
The Reformation Continues
• John Calvin develops a system of
Protestant theology that gains popularity
among other European reformers. To
stem the spread of Protestantism, the
Catholic Church initiates its own reforms.
Overview
• Two great European movements-the
Renaissance and the Reformation-usher
in dramatic cultural and social changes.
The Renaissance marked the flowering of
artistic creativity, while the Reformation led
to new Christian beliefs.
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
FARMING IN THE MIDDLE
AGES
• VILLAGES FEED THEMSELVES
• ONE OF THREE FIELDS LEFT FALLOW
(EMPTY) TO REGAIN GOOD SOIL
• ANIMALS GRAZED IN COMMON
PASTURES
DISADVANTAGES
• LAND USE INEFFICENT
• WASTE OF LAND
• FARMERS DIDN’T
EXPERIMENT WITH NEW
FARMING METHODS
FORCES FOR CHANGE
• POPULATION GROWING-MORE FOOD NEEDED
• FRENCH BLOCKADE--NO
CORN--MORE FOOD NEEDED
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
THE AGRICULTURE
REVOLUTION
ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT
• WEALTHY LANDLORDS
FENCED IN COMMON
PASTURES AND
EXPERIMENTED WITH NEW
FARMING TECHNOLOGY
• VILLAGES LOST COMMON
LANDS AND POLITICAL
POWER, PEASANTS
BECAME POORER
CROP ROTATION
• FIELDS THAT WERE OUT OF
NUTRIENTS BY ONE CROP
WERE REPLENISHED (MADE
NEW) BY PLANTING
DIFFERENT CROPS
• FIELDS NOT LEFT FALLOW
OTHER DISCOVERIES
• SEED DRILL (JETHRO TULL)
• PLANTED SEEDS
EFFICENTLY
• NEW CROPS: CORN AND
POTATO
Page 121
RESULTS OF AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION
• MORE FOOD AVAILABLE
• POPULATION INCREASED
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND
FACTORY SYSTEM
DOMESTIC SYSTEM
• COTTAGE INDUSTRY
COULDN’T KEEP UP WITH
DEMAND FOR TEXTILES
• SPINNING JENNY, WATER
FRAME, AND SPINNING
MULE-- IMPROVED Textiles
DOMESTIC SYSTEM
• POWER LOOM-SPED UP
WEAVING
• COTTON GIN-SEPARATED
SEEDS FROM
COTTON
RISE OF THE FACTORY
• NEW MACHINES, OFTEN TOO
BIG FOR HOMES, WERE PUT
INTO FACTORIES
• FACTORIES LOCATED NEAR
POWER SOURCE:COAL, IRON,
WATER
EFFECTS OF FACTORIES
• PRICES OF MASS-PRODUCED
TEXTILES WERE LOWER THANPRODUCED ITEMS
• BRITIANS’ TEXTILE INDUSTRY
INCREASED ENORMOUSLY
• MAJORITY OF VILLAGERS
FORCED TO LEAVE TO FIND
WORK IN THE FACTORIES
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
STEAM ENGINE
ENERGY FOR THE
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
THE NEED FOR ENERGY
• EARLY FACTORIES RELIED ON
HORSES, OXENS, AND WATER
MILLS
• STEAM ENGINE EVOLVED IN
RESPONSE TO THE INCREASING
NEED FOR POWER
HOW THE STEAM ENGINE
WORKS
• STEAM
FORCED
FROM HIGH
TO LOW
PRESSURE
PRODUCES
POWER
EFFECT OF STEAM ENGINE
• STEAM POWER, USED WHERE
EVER COAL EXISTED,
INCREASED TEXTILE
PRODUCTION
• IMPROVED MINING WHICH
INCREASED METALS WHICH IN
TURN FUELED OTHER
INDUSTRIES
THE NEED FOR IRON
• FARMING TOOLS, NEW FACTORY
MACHINERY, RAILWAYS
• SMELTING MAKES IRON MORE
PURE, BUT REQUIRES CARBON -THIS MAKES STEEL
THE NEED FOR COAL
• CARBON NECESSARY FOR
SMELTING IRON
• STEAM ENGINES POWERED
BY COAL
EFFECT OF IRON AND COAL
• BRITIAN PRODUCED MORE
IRON THAN ALL OTHER
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
COMBINED
• COAL POWERED BRITIAN’S
ENOROMOUS NAVY
THE NEED FOR BETTER
TRANSPORTATION
• INCREASED PRODUCTION
INCREASED NEED TO
TRANSPORT GOODS QUICKLY
AND CHEAPLY
• PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY USED
HORSES, MULES, AND DIRT
ROADS
INVENTIONS
• STONE AND EVENTUALLY
ASPHALT ROADS
• CANALS
• RAILROAD ERA USHERED IN
WITH THE ROCKET IN 1829
EFFECTS OF RAILROADS
• EXPANDED RAPIDLY
THROUGHOUT BRITIAN
• CHEAPER TRANSPORTATION
INCREASED PRODUCTION AND
PROFITS
ANOTHER EFFECT
• RAILWAYS FUELED OTHER
INDUSTRIES: COAL, STEAM
ENGINE, IRON, STEEL, AND
MANY MANUFACTURED
PRODUCTS
WHY BRITIAN LED THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
GEOGRAPHY
•CILMATE GOOD FOR
TEXTILE PRODUCTION
•PLENTY OF NATURAL
RESOURCES SUCH AS
IRON AND COAL
•SEPARATION FROM THE
EUROPEAN CONTINENT KEPT
THEM OUT OF THE WARS
GOVERNMENT
• INTERNAL TRADE ENCOURAGED
• POPULATION ALLOWED
TO RELOCATE
• HELPED BUILD CANALS
AND ROADS
SOCIAL FACTORS
• BRITISH SOCIETY LESS RIGID THAN
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
COLONIAL EMPIRE
• SUPPLIED RAW
MATERIALS FOR
MANUFACTURED GOODS
• PROVIDED MARKET
FOR GOODS
ADVANTAGES OF
INDUSTRIALIZING FIRST
• NO OTHER COUNTRIES COMPETING
FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS
• MONOPOLY ON TECHNOLOGY
EFFECTS OF THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
EFFECTS IN THE CITY
• URBANIZATION--CITY BUILDING
AND MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
TO CITIES
• CITIES BECAME CROWDED
• PEOPLE LIVED IN SLUMS
WHERE DISEASE AND
DIRTINESS WERE
• A PERSON IN THE CITY LIVED
TO 17 YEARS OLD
• AIR POLLUTION STARTED
FROM THE SMOKE FROM
FACTORIES.
• MANY NEW CITIES
DEVELOPED AROUND
FACTORIES AND COAL
MINES.
• CRIME WAS VERY BAD FROM
THE CITIES BEING
OVERCROWDED.
WORKING CONDITIONS
• THE AVERAGE WORKER SPENT 14
HOURS A DAY, 6 DAYS A WEEK.
• MANY WORKERS WERE KILLED OR
SERIOUSLY INJURED IN
ACCIDENTS.
• CHILDREN WERE FORCED TO DO
HARD LABOR. PG. 262
• WORKERS OVERWORKED AND
UNDERPAID.
SOCIAL CLASSES
• THE MIDDLE CLASS GREW--FACTORY
OWNERS, SHIPPERS, AND
MERCHANTS
• WEALTHY LANDOWNERS RESENTED
MIDDLE CLASS
POSITIVE EFFECTS
• IT CREATED JOBS FOR PEOPLE.
• IT CREATED WEALTH FOR
COUNTRIES.
• IT ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY.
• IT INCREASED PRODUCTION OF
GOODS.
• IT BROUGHT HOPE TO PEOPLE.
• IT CREATED A BETTER LIFE
FOR MANY PEOPLE--BETTER
DIETS, BETTER HOUSING
AND BETTER CLOTHING AT
LOWER PRICES.
• UNIONS WERE CREATED TO
HELP WORKERS GET
BETTER PAY, SHORTER
HOURS, AND BETTER
WORKING CONDITIONS.
MORE POSITIVE EFFECTS
• OUR LIVES ARE MUCH EASIER TODAY
DUE TO THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION.
Overview
of
Imperialism
Imperialism is empire building.
Expansion occurs when one state is
more powerful than are the
obstacles to expansion.
The obstacles may be other states
or peoples, or they may be
geographic or physical or
technological obstacles.
The central core of the empire
may be a nation-state, or in ancient
times, a city-state or a tribe.
European civilization experienced
a period of unprecedented rapid
expansion around the globe during
the last third of the nineteenth
century.
European nation-states had become
very powerful because of
industrialization and because of the
organizational efficiency of the
nation-state.
European global expansion had
actually begun in the fifteenth
century, but the process greatly
accelerated in the nineteenth
century.
Latin America and the seaports of
Asia and Africa were the first to be
colonized by Europeans. Native
Americans were liquidated or
thoroughly subjugated to European
rule.
England was the leading
European colonial power and had
already established much of its
overseas empire by the beginning of
the 19th century.
France was second, with its
holdings in Southeast Asia and in
North Africa, both
of these being established during
the 19th century.
Portugal, Spain and Holland
retained some colonies because
they had been
the earliest colonial powers, and still
retained some of them in the 19th
century.
Germany and Italy were late
arrivals on the colonial scene
because they had only unified
themselves in the 1860's.
The United States became a
colonial power at the end of the 19th
century, after having spent the
century moving across the North
American continent to the Pacific
Ocean.
Changing the World Economy
With the rise of imperialism, the
Western countries' search for
markets and raw materials
intensified and there was a dramatic
increase in trade: Western
manufactured goods in exchange for
raw materials.
The new volume of economic
exchange intensified the disparity
between other civilizations and the
West, which was able to claim huge
chunks of land in a surge of
imperialism.
The Reasons for Imperialism:
By the end of the nineteenth
century, Western nations had
incorporated most of the world into
their empires.
Improved communications, military
technology, and medical advances
enabled Europeans to contact and
conquer large parts of the globe.
Political rivalries and a desire to
secure markets and raw materials,
"civilize" non-Western populations,
and find an outlet for social tensions
motivated Western countries to
participate in the imperialist
scramble.
By the late 1800's Britain was losing
its lead in the economic world.
Competition was increasing among
other emerging economic powers.
Developing countries such as the
United States and Germany were
taking a valuable market share away
from Britain.
How would Britain keep up in this
quickly changing world?
Many felt that the answer rested in
imperialism or the practice of
gaining colonies for economic,
political, or militaristic benefit.
Britain used its colonies for new
markets and resources.
Soon countries such as France,
Japan, and the United States began
to gain colonies of their own.
Colonies became a source of pride
as well as economic benefit.
Europeans felt that they had an
obligation to bring their "superior"
culture to their colonies.
Missionaries went to colonies in
Africa and Asia to introduce their
religion to the natives.
People were fascinated by the
stories of adventurers such as David
Livingstone and Henry Stanley and
motivated by the writings of
Rudyard Kipling.
One of the first targets of
imperialism was Africa.
Countries in Africa were usually
NOT advanced, powerful, or
organized enough to stop a
European army.
The "scramble for Africa" began
when Henry Stanley claimed the
Congo River Valley for Belgium.
France then claimed Algeria and
built the Suez Canal.
Britain took Egypt in order to have
control of the Suez Canal, which was
crucial to their shipping routes.
Britain and Egypt then took control
of Sudan.
France began to colonize Tunisia
and Morocco.
Italy took Libya.
Britain fought a war with and
defeated the Boers in order to gain
control of the resource rich
Southern Africa.
Cecil Rhodes became rich from the
Kimberly diamond fields, which
produced 90% of the world's
diamonds at the time.
By the early 1900's most of Africa
was taken by European colonists.
Like Africa, South Asia was also
soon dominated by colonists.
India was deemed
"The Jewel in the Crown"
by Britain.
It supplied many valuable
spices and raw materials.
Conflict grew in China, which
stubbornly refused access to
foreigners.
However, Britain made a large profit
by smuggling addictive opium into
China, which sparked the "opium
wars" that China lost.
Japan, on the other hand, freely
accepted European and American
influence, which they took
advantage of rather than rejected.
This policy would help lead to
Japan's success in the future.
Interests in the Pacific Islands grew,
as countries needed naval bases to
refuel and restock ships passing
through the area.
Britain controlled Australia,
New Zealand, Fiji, and the
Southern Solomon's.
Germany controlled the Northern
Solomon's, France controlled Tahiti,
and the United States made
Hawaii a US state.
Although Latin and South America
were not generally colonized
by other countries, many of their
economies were dominated by the
United States and Europe.
The United States built the Panama
Canal which raised the US's
interests in the area.
Imperialism would slowly dissolve
as colonies gained nationalism and
demanded independence, colonies
became too expensive to maintain,
and public feeling was against
imperialism.
Factors leading to WWI: Late
19th Century
• Nationalism – Feeling of strong pride for
one’s country. Created rivalry between
European nations.
• Imperialism – Countries fought for control
of overseas territories.
• Militarism – Glorifying power and keeping
an army prepared for war was the goal of
several European nations.
The Forming of Alliances:
Early 20th Century
• Countries soon felt threatened by one
another and sought to protect themselves
by forming alliances.
• The Triple Alliance – Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
• The Triple Entente – Britain, France, and
Russia
The Trigger of War:
Spring 1914
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
assassinated by a Serbian national. The young
country of Serbia had been promised protection
by Russia.
• Austria-Hungary demanded German support in
a war on Serbia, and Russia readied to defend
it’s ally.
• War was declared by Austria-Hungary on Serbia
on July 28th, 1914
European Nations take sides:
Summer 1914
• War is declared by everyone. By August 1914,
sides were taken in the first World War
• The Central Powers – Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
(Italy decided not to fight with it’s allies)
• The Allied Powers – Great Britain, France,
Russia, Japan, Italy, United States, Belgium, and
Serbia
Fighting a World War
• Many thought it would be a short war, no
preparation was taken for winter.
• The Central Powers tried to move quickly, but
were pushed back by the Allies outside of Paris.
• Russians pushed on Germany and AustriaHungary from the east.
• The Central Powers found themselves fighting a
“two-front” war, a Western Front and an
Eastern Front
New Techniques of Warfare
• New weapons such as the machine gun,
poison gas, and the tank made this war
look like no other.
• Trenches were dug to protect soldiers
from these terrible new weapons.
• A No man’s land was created between
trenches of enemy countries. Little land
was won or lost during this trench
warfare.
Clockwise from upper left: German zeppelin, French soldier fitting gas
mask, German tank, water cooled machine gun, English field gun shell
The United States gets closer to
entering the war
• America tried to stay neutral throughout the first
years of the war.
• By 1917, war had shifted to the seas. Germany
used a new weapon called the U-boat to attack
it’s enemies supply ships.
• In January 1917, Germany announced it would
attack any ship in the waters around Britain. A
British passenger ship called the Lusitania was
sunk, which was carrying 128 U.S. citizens.
German propaganda showing the sinking of the Lusitania
The Last Straw
• The Zimmerman telegram was intercepted by
Great Britain on it’s way from Germany to
Mexico.
• In it, Germany promised Mexico U.S. land if
Mexico entered the war on the side of the
Central powers.
• Americans were outraged. The U.S. declared
war on Germany and it’s allies on April 2nd, 1917.
A Short Road Lies Ahead
• With the U.S. on the side of the Allies, the
Central powers stood little chance of
winning.
• Even when Russia pulled out because of a
revolution at home, Germany and it’s allies
could not stop the fresh American troops.
• The Armistice to end World War I was
signed on November 11th, 1918.
A Flawed Peace
• The conditions of surrender were decided by 27
European nations who met in Paris.
• Most of the decision making was done by the
Big Four, representatives of Great Britain,
France, Italy, and The United States
• The U.S. wanted to treat Germany decently, but
Britain and France wanted revenge. While
America wanted to see Germany rebuild, others
wanted to turn it into “a grand field of potatoes”.
America's Woodrow Wilson, Vittorio Orlando
of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and
David Lloyd George of Great Britain: The
Big Four
Wilson’s pitch to Congress
• President Wilson had a plan for post-war
Europe called the Fourteen Points. Five
main ideas were central to the plan
working.
• 1) Self-Determination: people decided
under which government they wanted to
live
• 2) A fair peace: no country should be
punished for it’s role in the war.
• 3) Disarmament: reducing armies and
navies in Europe to prevent this from
happening again.
• 4) Fair treatment of colonies:
independence for colonies that didn’t
want to be under foreign rule
• 5) A League of Nations: this
international organization would settle
disputes and act as an international
police force.
The Treaty of Versailles
• Britain and France didn’t like the U.S. plan,
and The Treaty of Versailles was
adopted instead.
• The treaty punished Germany and left
many unresolved problems for future
generations to work out.
• Central to the treaty were these main
ideas:
• 1) Germany had to admit guilt for
starting the war and pay $33 billion in
reparations.
• 2) Millions of acres in land was taken
from Germany and it’s colonies were
taken away and given to other countries.
• 3) The League of Nations was formed,
but Germany and Russia were
excluded.
A Peace Built on Quicksand
• The Treaty of Versailles did not insure
peace.
• The United States didn’t join the League of
Nations. Many Americans didn’t want to
be involved in European affairs.
• The League of Nations had no way to
enforce peace around the world. All it
could do was threaten and coerce.
• Bitterness and hatred brewed in
Germany because of the way it was
treated.
• Other countries felt cheated with the
outcome of the war. Italy and Japan, for
example, joined the war to gain more
territory, which they had not.
• Militarist and Imperialistic ideas
survived, ensuring future unrest.
The Legacy of the War
• 8.5 million dead. 21 million wounded.
• The war cost $338 billion. An unheard of
sum at the time.
• Germany was humiliated, Japan felt
cheated …. would we ever hear from
them again?
The Russian Revolution and
the Rise of Totalitarianism
Setting the Stage
• The Czars
– Russia is a large country with very centralized rule
– The Czars (Emperors) of Russia had almost complete
control over the lives of the Russian people and were
often unfair and harsh
• Revolts
– Army (1825), peasants, students (1881) all revolt
against the powerful Czars
Alexander III, page 1
• “autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality”
– Anyone who questioned the absolute
authority of the Czar or worshipped outside
the Russian orthodox Church, or spoke a
language other than Russian was considered
dangerous
– Harsh measures to wipe out revolutionaries:
• Censorship, Secret police watch schools and
universities, teachers report on students, Political
prisoners exiled to Siberia
Alex III, page 2
• Established a uniform Russian culture
– Oppression of other national groups within
Russia
– Russian made the official language, can’t use
other languages
– Jews were a target: laws encouraged
prejudice
• Can’t buy land, live among other Russians, quotas
at universities, pogroms (organized violence)
against Jews
Nicholas II, the last Czar
• Nicholas II wanted to be as tough and
strong a Czar as his father had been and
refused to surrender any of his power,
despite the changes sweeping through
Russia and the rest of the world
• He refused to see the changing conditions
in Russia and adapt to them
Changes during Nick’s Reign
• Economic Growth and its Impact
– Number of factories doubles between 1863
and 1900 but Russia is still behind Western
Europe
– Minister Witte starts a program to move
Russia forward:
• Higher taxes and foreign investments pay for the
growth of industry, particularly steel
• Built the Trans-Siberian Railway to connect
Western and Eastern Russia
Changes, con’t
• Revolutionary Movement Grows
– Industrialization brought new problems like
poor working conditions, low wages, and child
labor so workers were very unhappy
– Result: growth in revolutionary movements
• Biggest: the BOLSHEVIKS, a group that believed
in Marx’s ideas, led by Lenin
Wars and Revolts, page 1
• Russo-Japanese War
– Russia loses badly to Japan in a war over territory
• Bloody Sunday
– Began as a peaceful march to ask for better working
conditions and political rights, ended when the Czar’s
soldiers fired into the unarmed crowd
– Starts a series of strikes and violence, ending when
Nicholas agrees to the creation of a legislative body,
the Duma (has no real power)
Wars and Revolts, page 2
• WWI
– Russia enters on the side of the Allies to
protect Serbia
– Russia unable to adequately prepare its
soldiers or to equip them - not industrialized
enough
– Nicholas goes to the front, leaving his wife
and her spiritual advisor, Rasputin, in charge
of the country, who quickly angers the people,
resulting in his assassination
Wars and Revolts, page 3
• The March Revolution
– Begins with a strike in Petrograd, leads to
riots over food shortages, soon the army joins
the workers
– People force Nicholas to abdicate and later he
and his family are executed
– Provisional Government led by Alexander
Kerensky, set up to rule Russia without the
Czar, they have problems as well
Wars and Revolts, page 4
• The Bolshevik Revolution
– Lenin and his group seize control of the
Petrograd Soviet (a soviet is a local council)
and promised Peace, Land , and Bread for
the people if they would support him
– Nov. 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks
overthrow the Provisional Government and
institute a Marxist (Communist) regime
Lenin and the Bolsheviks, page
1
• To combat problems, Lenin:
– Gives farmland to the peasants
– Gives the factories to the workers
– Ends Russian involvement in WWI by signing
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and giving up a
chunk of territory to the Germans
Lenin and the Bolsheviks,
page2
• Civil War 1918-1920
– Bolsheviks (Red Army) v. Opponents (White
Army), the West supports the whites
– 15 million die in war and famine that follow,
leaving Russia in chaos
– Red Army wins and crushes all opposition to
the Bolsheviks, but Lenin still faces problems
Order Restored, page 1
• Lenin has to revive the economy and
assert control to keep the Bolsheviks in
power
• New Economic Policy: government
maintains control of major industries, but
there is some small-scale private
ownership, and peasants could sell
surplus crops instead of turning them over
to the government.
Order Restored, page 2
• Political reforms
– Russia organized into 15 self-governing
republics, each of which was controlled from
the capital in Moscow
– Bolsheviks rename selves Communists and
hold all the power
– Lenin’s death in 1924 leads to a power
struggle for control between Stalin and
Trotsky, Stalin will win
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism defined
• A totalitarian government is a government that
has total, complete control over all aspects of its
citizens lives, both public and private
• People accept totalitarian governments because
they provide a sense of security and give
direction for the future.
• Totalitarian governments retain control through
the use of secret police forces and the use of
terror.
Features of Totalitarianism
• Government has complete, centralized control of
everything in the lives of the citizens
• Try to get people to conform to the government’s
vision or belief system
• Unquestioning, uncritical support of the people
• Dynamic, charismatic leader whom the people
worship
Taking and Keeping Control
• Propaganda gave people biased or incomplete
information that encouraged them to support the
regime
• Mass Media was used to broadcast ideology
and strengthen the regime’s hold on the minds
of the people
• Students were indoctrinated (educated) in the
government ideology from a young age and
knew no differently
• Only art and literature that supported the regime
were allowed
Example: USSR under Stalin
• Stalin was very ambitious, power hungry, and
ruthless - by 1929, he had removed all people
who stood in his way and become dictator and
sole ruler of the USSR
– Goal is to make the USSR the strongest nation in the
world economically, industrially, and militarily
USSR under Stalin, page 2
• Economics:
– Built a command economy where government
made all economic decisions
– Five-Year Plans set quotas and goals for
industrializing the USSR, people produced
steel, coal, oil, and electricity at the expense
of consumer goods
– Government controlled every aspect of a
worker’s life (hours, jobs, salaries)
USSR under Stalin, page 3
• Agriculture
– Privately owned farms were seized by the
government and turned into collective farms
owned by the government
– Hundreds of families worked here, producing
food for the state
– Much resistance to collectivization
Example: Nazi Germany
• Nazis are fascists, not communist
• Economy is based on a limited capitalist model,
most production is controlled by the state
• Nazis gain and keep control through police
power, mass rallies to encourage support,
fulfillment of economic promises, and
acceptance of their doctrine of racial superiority
World War II
Causes and Consequences
Rise of Fascism
• After WWI, many European nations
suffered from bankrupt economies.
• They also had new governments that
were trying to rebuild the war-torn
countries.
• In most cases, these governments
failed to provide strong leadership and
improvements for their countries.
• As a result, people turned to charismatic
leaders that promised to improve their
Fascism continued
• The focus of these leaders was to build
a strong military state in which the
people were loyal to their country and
leader.
• This movement was known as Fascism
Benito Mussolini
(“IL Duce” = the leader)
• Politician who promised to rebuild Italy.
• Founds the Fascist Party
• Seizes control of the government and
places all power in his hands.
• Uses military force to expand Italy’s
territory.
Adolf Hitler
“der Fuhrer = the leader”
• Militaristic leader of the Nazi party.
• After Germany was defeated in WWI,
the allies sought to punish Germany for
the war.
• The Treaty of Versailles stated that
Germany:
– must pay for damages of WWI.
– must take the blame for causing the war.
– could not have a large military.
Hitler Cont.
• Hitler used the German people’s hatred
for the treaty to gain control of the
country.
• He promised to restore Germany to
greatness.
• Hitler preached that the German people
(Aryans) were the supreme race,
destined to rule the world.
• He blamed the Jews and other minority
groups for the problems Germany was
facing.
Military control in Japan
• During the 1920s, Japan experienced
democratic reforms in its government.
• When the Great Depression hit, Japan’s
economy suffered greatly.
• The people blamed the new
government.
• While the Emperor ,Hirohito, remained
the head of the government, people
turned to military leaders for direction.
• These military leaders looked to solve
their problems by expanding into China.
The Axis Powers Invade
• A series of invasion took place
throughout the 1930s.
• 1931- Japan invaded Manchuria and
the eastern coast of China.
• 1935- Italy invades Ethiopia in Africa.
• 1936- Hitler invades the Rhineland, a
buffer-zone created to separate France
and Germany.
• Seeing that their countries shared a
common vision, German, Italy and
Japan form an alliance known as the
Appeasement Policy
• As Japan, Italy, and Germany began
their invasions, the leaders of these
countries looked for a response from
the League of Nations (similar to the
current day UN, headed by Great Britain
and France).
• While the League condemned the
actions of these countries, they took no
formal actions in response to the
invasions.
• In order to prevent the outbreak of war,
Appeasement Cont.
• Seeing that the League was not taking
any action, Hitler decided to press on.
• In March 1938, he ordered his troops
into Austria and annexed it.
• Great Britain and France did nothing.
• Sept. 1938- Hitler than makes a move
on the northern part of Czechoslovakia
known as the Sudetenland.
• This time, France and Great Britain
begin to prepare for war.
U.S. Neutrality
• As the possibility of another major war in
Europe approached, America needed to
consider its position in these events.
• Many Americans felt that the U.S. was hurt by
its involvement in WWI.
• This lead the U.S. to take on a policy of
Isolationism.
• This meant that the U.S. would not get
involved in the war.
• 1935-Congress passed the Neutrality Acts
which made it illegal for the U.S. to sell
weapons and supplies to countries involved
The Munich Conference- Sept.
1938
• In order to prevent war, Germany, Italy,
France, and G.B. will meet in Munich,
Germany to discuss the Sudetenland.
• Hitler promises not to invade
Czechoslovakia if he is given the
Sudetenland
• G.B.’s Prime Minister, Neville
Chamberlain, once again gives into
Germany in order to prevent war.
• 6 months later…
• Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia.
The Nonaggression Pact 1939
• Hitler’s next target was Poland, and
then Russia.
• In order to prevent an invasion of
Russia, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler.
• The pact said that the two countries
would not attack each other.
• They also agreed to split Poland
between the two countries.
Hitler’s Lightning War
• The nonaggression pact assured Hitler that
their would be no Soviet opposition if he
invaded Poland.
• On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland
with a devastating new type of warfare called
the blitzkrieg.
• The blitzkrieg was a 3 phase attack:
– 1st German planes bombed the area
– 2nd German tanks carried out a ground attack
– 3rd German trucks carried 1.5 million footsoldiers
to sweep the area
• In a matter of weeks, Poland fell to German
forces
• G.B. and France declared war on Germany
The Phony War
• After Poland fell, G.B. and France
waited for Hitler’s next attack, but none
came.
• For seven months after war had been
declared, Germany made no attacks.
• This is referred to as the phony war
• The phony war ended on April 9,1940,
when Hitler invaded Denmark and
Norway.
France Falls
• Hitler would take over Holland, Belgium, and
Luxembourg before launching an attack on
France.
• May 26, 1940- German launches the
blitzkrieg against France.
• Italy will enter the war by attacking France
from the south.
• June 22, 1940- About 3 weeks after the
attacks begin, France surrenders
• Hitler will turn his attention to Great Britain
The Battle of Britain
• In the summer of 1940, G.B. was now
alone in the war against Germany.
• British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
declared that G.B. would “never
surrender.”
• British forces held back German attacks
for almost a year.
• Hitler decided to turn his attention to
weaker nations.
• The Battle of Britain ended on May 10,
1940.
Germany invades the Soviet
Union
• After withdrawing from Great Britain, Hitler
seized control of the Balkan and
Mediterranean territories of Europe.
• He then turned his attention toward Russia.
• On June 22, 1941, Hitler broke the
nonaggression pact he had made with Stalin,
and launched the blitzkrieg on the Soviet
Union.
• Hitler successfully pushed his way towards
the capital city of Moscow.
• However, the harsh Russian winter prevented
Hitler from seizing control of Moscow.
U.S. Aids the Allies
• As the Axis Powers grew in power,
President Roosevelt knew that the U.S.
had to help the allies in some way.
• He convinced Congress to allow the Allies
to buy weapons and supplies from the
U.S.
• 1941- Congress passed the Lend-Lease
Act, allowing for this trade, and bringing
the U.S. one step closer to entering the
war
Pearl Harbor
• As the U.S. supplied G.B. with
weapons, it also looked to protect U.S.
interests in the Pacific
• Japan had expanded throughout this
region
• The U.S. sent supplies to China, to help
with the threat of Japanese expansion.
• In 1941, Roosevelt also cut off
shipments of oil to Japan.
• Fearing that it was only a matter of time
before the U.S. joined the war, Japan
planned to strike first.
Cont.
• The surprise attack was launched on
the morning of Dec. 7, 1941.
• Japanese planes flew over the
Hawaiian island of Oahu, in route to
Pearl Harbor, the location of the U.S.
Navy’s Pacific fleet.
• Within 2 hours, the Japanese had
successfully destroyed most of fleet.
• Roosevelt described this as “a date
which will live in infamy.”
• The next day, Congress declared war,
•
•
•
•
•
Japanese American
Internment
As a direct result of Japan’s attack, American
citizens of Japanese descent experienced a
wave of prejudice.
Japanese Americans were viewed as a
possible threat to the nations security.
Roosevelt called for an executive order that
required Japanese Americans to report to
relocation centers.
From there, they would be moved to military
controlled areas known as internment camps.
Even though they were American citizens,
Japanese Americans had their rights stripped
of them, as they lived in these camps for 4
The Holocaust
• As Hitler took control of Germany, he began
executing a plan to “purify” Germany of
inferior races.
• He focused his efforts on Jewish people.
• He passed laws restricting their rights, and
boycotting their businesses.
• He isolated Jews from the rest of the
population by moving them into ghettos.
• He then moved them into concentration
camps throughout Europe.
• The last step, known as the “Final Solution”,
called for the extermination of all Jews
(genocide)
• This mass murder was carried out in death
camps like Auschwitz, in which Jews were
Allied Victories
• Over the course of the next few years,
the Allies began mounting several
victories against the Axis Powers.
• In July 1943, allied forces captured the
Italian island of Sicily.
• This ended Mussolini’s reign.
• Italy surrendered.
• An attempt was made by Germany to
recapture Northern Italy, and return it to
Mussolini.
• However, the Allies secured control of
Italy in June 1945.
Continued…
• Next, the Allies began planning a major
assault against German forces.
• The attack was set to take place June
6,1944
• This is was referred to as DDay(designated)
• British, American and French troops, led
by General Eisenhower, landed on the
French coast of Normandy.
• Allied forces were victorious in pushing
Allied Victories cont.
• The next major victory came in Dec.
1944.
• In the Battle of the Bulge, allied forces
severely weakened Hitler’s forces as
they continued to push back the
Germans.
• Over the next few months the allies
would surround Hitler and his forces in
Berlin.
• Refusing to be captured, Hitler shot
himself.
The Atomic Bomb
• With Germany out of the war, the Allies
focused their attention on Japan.
• The allies had secured victories against
the Japanese at the Battle of Leyte Gulf,
and at Iwo Jima, eliminating Japan’s
Navy.
• As Japan became more desperate, they
resorted to using Kamikaze (suicide
pilots), who would crash their planes
into Allied ships.
• It became clear that the Japanese were
Continued…
• In an effort to end the war, President
Truman authorized the use of America’s
greatest weapon, the Atomic bomb.
• Aug.6, 1945 – U.S. drops the 1st Abomb on Hiroshima, killing 73,000
people.
• After receiving no reply from Japan, a
2nd A-bomb was dropped on Nagasaki,
killing 35,000 people.
• On September 2, 1945, Japan
surrendered, ending WWII.
Results of the War
• By the end of the war, Europe and
Japan were in ruins.
• Nearly 60 million people had died.
• European nations faced billions of
dollars worth of damage.
• Rebuilding the war-torn European
countryside would bring up new
problems for the world to face as the
U.S. and the U.S.S.R became the 2
major world leaders.
THE COLD WAR
1945-1989
COLD WAR
• Defined as the period (1945-1989) of
tense, sometimes very tense, relations
between the 2 post World War 2
Superpowers: The U.S. and the USSR
(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).
These 2 powers never fought one another
directly, but the threat of a war was never
too far away. Another war would be
Armageddon for the World.
MAJOR PEOPLE, TERMS, EVENTS OF THE COLD WAR
• The Big 3: At the end of and just Following WW 2, the
U.S., Britain and The Soviet Union, and their respective
leaders.
• U.S. = FDR(Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman)
• Britain = Winston Churchill
• USSR = Joseph Stalin
• United Nations: Created for the post ww2 world as a
way for countries of the world to try to keep world
peace.
• Iron Curtain: Phrase coined by Winston Churchill that
described the separation of the communist countries of
eastern Europe and the USSR and the democracies of
western Europe and the U.S.
• Truman Doctrine: President Harry Truman proposes
a “containment” policy which pledges American aid to
any foreign country that wants to resist communism.
In this way Truman and the U.S. attempt to contain
communism from spreading beyond USSR and
eastern Europe.
• Marshall Plan: So called because U.S. Secretary of
State George Marshall organized a call for American
aid to restore the economies and political stability of
European countries, so they would not fall under the
rule of communism.
• McCarthyism: Named after power hungry Wisconsin
senator Joseph McCarthy who claimed he had a list
of 200
communists within the U.S. government.No list was
ever produced. This accusation Created fear and
mistrust within American society, and led to further
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
12 “western” nations declare a united treaty amongst
themselves promising to defend one and all if any are
attacked by communist or outside forces. (nations
involved include:U.S.Britain, Canada, and France,
among others)
• WARSAW PACT: a response by communist nations to
the NATO treaty. “Eastern” European countries and the
USSR pledged to defend one another much the same
as NATO countries would.
• Berlin: capital of Germany.(Germany itself was divided into
communist East and Democratic West) Located in the middle of
East Germany. Captured by allied forces during WW 2
and divided in ½ between the allies (U.S., Britain,
France) in the western portion of Berlin and the Soviets
holding the eastern portion of Berlin
• Berlin Blockade: The Soviets try to get the “western”
countries to “quit” Berlin by blockading roads leading
into West Berlin and cutting off all supplies.
• Berlin Airlift: for 11 months, planes drop supplies,
from candy to cars, to the people and western allies in
West Berlin, thus keeping allied presence in Berlin.
The airlift is a success.
• People’s Republic of China: 1949 Mao Zedong and
the communists wins a power struggle with Chiang
Kai Shek and his democratic nationalists, and creates
a communist government within China. USSR
recognizes this new government, the U.S. does not.
• Taiwan: The defeated nationalists under Chiang Kai
Shek flee to the island of Taiwan. The U.S. recognizes
Taiwan as the “true China”, not the People’s Republic.
“Hot Wars” during the Cold War
• 1950-53-Korean War: North Korea (backed by
weapons/aid from USSR invade the South (backed by
the U.S.) Many Americans lose their lives in this war,
which ends in a draw and the division of Korea at the
38th parallel.
• 1956-Hungary: Citizens of Hungary, many students,
attempt to overthrow Soviet power within their country.
The results are disastrous, thousands are killed by the
Soviet Army intent on maintaining control. The world is
made aware of the unrest within countries under
communist control.
• 1959-Cuba: Fidel Castro and revolutionaries overthrow
the dictator of Cuba, Batista. The U.S. refuses to
recognize the new government, but the soviets do.
Cuba becomes communistic and has remained so to
• 1954-1975-Vietnam: U.S. enters Vietnam as “advisors”
to the French. The French leave and we stay, leading
to a war that was as divisive as the Civil War of 186065. Basic reason for fighting was Containment.
The Domino Theory
• Attributed to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, this was
the theory that if the U.S. and other western powers
allowed communism to exist in any country, that the
countries surrounding may also “fall” to communism,
much like a row of dominos would fall when the first one
is knocked over.
Events that further separated
the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
•
•
•
•
Sputnik
Nuclear Weapons
ICBM’s
Berlin Wall built
(1961)
• U-2 spy plane
incident
• Bay of Pigs invasion
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Arab-Israeli conflicts
• Sputnik: In 1957 the Soviet Union launch the first man
made satellite into space. The U. S. is terrified, and we
respond by…
1)Why can the Russians do this and we can’t?
2)The Russians can now spy on us from space. We are at
a disadvantage if we ever go to war with them.
3)We begin our own space program with NASA (national
aeronautics and space administration)
The Space Race is now on. Defined as a race to explore
and control as much of space as either side could.
The”race” ends when the U.S. lands on the moon, 1969.
• Nuclear Weapons: both the U.S. and the USSR make
thousands of atomic and hydrogen bombs, leading to
the Arms Race where each country believes that
without having more nuclear bombs than the other
country, they will be behind, an “insane” approach that
led to more and more nuclear weapons being built.
• ICBM’s: Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles. These are
missiles that can be launched from one country and,
with great accuracy, hit targets thousands of miles
away.
• Berlin Wall was built (1961) to keep the people of
communist East Berlin from defecting to democratic
West Berlin, torn down (1989).
• U-2 Spy Plane incident (1960) A U.S. spy plane was
shot down over the USSR, 1,000 miles into their
country. The U.S. lied and said it was a weather plane.
Unfortunately the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was alive
and his spy plane was captured. The U.S. had a “red
face” and it was now understood that it was not only the
USSR that was spying, but we also were not innocent
in the cold war period.
• Bay of Pigs invasion (1961): Fiasco under President
John Kennedy, where the U.S. used Cuban exiles to try
to assassinate Cuban president Fidel Castro. A dismal
failure. U.S. is “red faced” again.
• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): The closest the world
has come to a nuclear war. USSR placed, and was
placing missiles in Cuba, when spotted by U.S. planes.
U.S. blockaded Cuba, and refused to let ships in
without being searched. Soviet premier Krushev and
U.S. president Kennedy finally come to an agreement
after 13 days. Missiles are removed.
• Arab-Israeli conflicts: 1948, the United Nations
divides the state of Palestine, ½ for Arabs, ½ for Jews.
This was done to settle dispute over ownership of the
land of ancient Israel, which in 1948 had come to be
called Palestine. Since the division of Palestine the
Arabs and Jews have had several wars: the Six day
War, Yom Kippur war, etc. In all cases the U.S. has
backed the Jews/Israel, and the USSR have backed the
Arab countries. Both super powers have provided
money and weapons to the respective countries.
Problems exist to this day within present day Israel
(formerly known as Palestine)