Transcript Chapter 11

Chapter 11
Nutrition and Health
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Leading Causes of Death in the
U.S.

Cardiovascular disease

Coronary heart disease
 Strokes
 High blood pressure
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Cancer
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Risk Factors for Heart Disease
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Cigarette smoking and
exposure to tobacco
smoke
High blood cholesterol
High blood pressure
Physical inactivity
Obesity and overweight
Diabetes
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Increasing age
Male
Family history of
premature heart disease
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Metabolic syndrome
Excessive abdominal obesity
 High blood triglycerides and/or low HDL
 Poor blood sugar control
 Raised blood pressure

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What leads to most cardiovascular
disease?
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Atherosclerosis
(condition
characterized by
plaque buildup along
artery walls – a silent
process)
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High blood pressure
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

CHD - Damage to or
malfunction of the
heart caused by
narrowing or blockage
of the coronary
arteries.
 Angina
 Heart
attack
(Myocardial infarction)
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What Do Your Cholesterol
Numbers Mean?
 Total
cholesterol
 LDL (bad) cholesterol--the main source of
cholesterol buildup and blockage in the
arteries
 HDL (good) cholesterol--helps keep
cholesterol from building up in the arteries
 Triglycerides--another form of fat in your blood
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Total Cholesterol and LDL
Total
Cholesterol
<200 mg/dL Desirable
LDL
200 – 239
100 - 129
Borderline
high
240 or more High
<100 mg/dL Optimal
130 - 159
160 - 189
Above
optimal
Borderline
high
High
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How to Lower Cholesterol

Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC):
 TLC
diet
 Physical activity
 Weight management

Drug treatment (along with TLC if needed)
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TLC Diet
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Low saturated fat (less
than 7% of total kcalories)
Low cholesterol (less
than 200 mg/day)
Only enough kcalories to
maintain a desirable
weight and avoid weight
gain
If LDL is not lowered
enough, the amount of
soluble fiber can be
increased
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Heart Disease Quiz (True/False)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
High blood cholesterol is one of the risk factors for heart
disease that you can do something about.
To lower your blood cholesterol level you must stop
eating meat altogether.
Any blood cholesterol level below 240 mg/dL is
desirable for adults.
To lower your blood cholesterol level you should eat
less saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol, and lose
weight if you are overweight.
The main goal of cholesterol-lowering treatment is to
lower LDL.
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Heart Disease Quiz (True/False)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Saturated fats raise your blood cholesterol level more
than anything else in your diet.
All vegetable oils help lower blood cholesterol levels.
The TLC diet calls for less than 10% of kcalories from
saturated fat and less than 300 mg of dietary
cholesterol.
Women don't need to worry about high blood
cholesterol and heart disease.
Reading food labels can help you eat the heart healthy
way.
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Answers to Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
True
False
False
False
True
True
7.
8.
9.
10.
False
False
False
True
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Stroke
Damage to brain cells resulting from an
interruption of blood flow to the brain.
 Most are caused by blockages in the
arteries that supply blood to the brain, a
few are caused by a ruptured brain artery.
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Types of Strokes
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Ischemic strokes

Hemorrhagic strokes
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High Blood Pressure

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Greater than 120/80
Top number is called
the systolic pressure
Bottom number is
called the diastolic
pressure
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Lifestyle Modification for High
Blood Pressure
Lose weight if overweight.
 Exercise regularly.
 Adopt DASH diet. (high in potassium,
calcium, magnesium)
 Reduce sodium intake to <2400 mg/day.
 Limit alcohol intake to no more than 2
drinks/day for men and 1/day for women.
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DASH Diet
 Based
on a 2,000 calorie a day diet the DASH diet
recommends the following number of servings from
the listed food groups:
*7-8 servings of grain and grain products
*4-5 servings of vegetables
*4-5 servings of fruits
*2-3 servings of low-fat or nonfat dairy products
*2 or fewer servings of meat, poultry, or fish
*4-5 servings of nuts, seeds and legumes per week
*limited intake of fats and sweets
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Menu Planning for CVD
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General
 Decrease
or replace salt in recipes by using
vegetables, herbs, spices, and flavorings.
 Offer salt-free seasoning blends and lemon
wedges.
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Menu Planning for CVD
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Breakfast
Appetizers and Soups
Salads
Breads
Entrees
Side Dishes
Desserts
Beverages
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Nutrition and Cancer
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Guidelines from American Cancer
Society
Eat a variety of healthful foods with an
emphasis on plant sources.
 Adopt a physically active lifestyle.
 Maintain a healthful weight throughout life.
 If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit
consumption.
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Menu Planning to Lower Cancer
Risk
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Offer lower-fat menu items. Offer more plant-based
menu items.
Avoid salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods.
Offer high-fiber foods.
Include lots of fruits and vegetables (especially
cruciferous vegetables).
Offer foods that are good sources of beta-carotene,
and vitamins C and E.
Offer alternatives to alcoholic drinks.
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Nutrition and Diabetes Mellitus
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Types
 Type
1 diabetes (insulin-dependent)
 Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent)
Nearly 90% of people with diabetes
 Age of onset usually over 45
 Most frequently occurs in overweight individuals
 Slow onset of symptoms
 Usually runs in families
 Easier to control
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Treatment for Diabetes
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Individualized diet to
 maintain good glucose control
 keep blood levels of fat and cholesterol
in normal
ranges
 maintain or get body weight within a desirable range
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Sugars are allowed in moderation.
Kcaloric distribution
 Carbohydrates
and
monounsaturated fats: 60-70%
 Saturated fat: 10% or less
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Exchange Lists for Meal Planning
List
Starch
Meat
Vegetable
Fruit
Milk
Other Carb.
Fat
Typical Item
1 slice bread
1 ounce lean
½ cup cooked
1 small apple
1 cup nonfat
2 small cookies
1 teaspoon
margarine
Kcalories
80 kcal
55 kcal
25 kcal
60 kcal
90 kcal
Varies
45 kcal
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Vegetarian Eating
Lacto-ovo-vegetarians
 Lacto-vegetarians
 Vegans
 Pesco-vegetarians
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Potential Health Benefits of
Vegetarian Eating
Lower incidence of:
 Hypertension
 Coronary artery disease
 Colon and lung cancer
 Type 2 diabetes
 Diverticular disease of the colon
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Why Become Vegetarian??
Health benefits
 Ecology
 Economics
 Ethics
 Religious beliefs
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Nutritional Adequacy of Vegetarian
Diets
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Can be nutritionally
adequate when varied
and adequate in
kcalories (except for
vegans who need
vitamin B12).
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Nutrients that need
special attention:
 Vitamin
B12
 Vitamin D
 Calcium
 Iron
 Zinc
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Vegetarian Food Pyramid
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Menu-Planning Guidelines for
Vegetarians
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Use a variety of plant protein sources at each meal.
Use a wide variety of vegetables.
Offer entrees that are acceptable to each type of
vegetarian.
Choose low-fat and nonfat varieties of milk and milk
products and limit eggs.
Offer dishes made with soybeans.
Provide foods that have nutrients of special
importance: vitamins D and B12, calcium, iron, zinc,
and alpha-linolenic acid.
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Food Facts: Caffeine

Most common sources of caffeine in the diet:
 Coffee
 Tea
 Cola
 Cocoa
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Rapidly absorbed
Withdrawal symptoms
Risks
No longer considered a diuretic
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Hot Topic: Biotechnology
Biotechnology
 Genetic Engineering
 Plant Applications
 Animal Applications
 Regulations
 Pros and Cons

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