Transcript principles of computation

INTRO TO COMPUTING
Looking Inside Computer
Capabilities
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Can Read
Can Write
Can Store
A/L
Operations
• Automation
Computing 2 | Lecture-1
2
PROBLEM
human being
ABSTRACTION
ALGORITHM
INPUT
OUTPUT
COMPUTER
microprocessor
Computing 2 | Lecture-1
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Algorithm Sum the integers from 1 to N
sum 0;
x 1;
while x ≤ N do
sum sum + x;
X x + 1;
end while
print sum;
Algorithm Sum N numbers in a list (or
array) named values
sum 0;
index 0;
while index < N do
sum sum + values[index ];
index index + 1;
end while
print sum;
PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTATION
•Computing is no more about computers than
astronomy about telescope.
•Computing is the study of natural and artificial
information processes.
•It is predicted that by 2100 about 500(BP) buy
enough computing power to compute 1,(25 -0)
instruction per second. This power is more than
the computing power of the brains of the entire
population of the planet.
(Dijkstra)
What are computers
Computer is an advanced electronic device
that takes raw data as input from the user and
processes these data under the control of set
of instruction.
WHAT IS COMPUTATION
• The act or process of calculating or
determining something by mathematical,
logical or interactive methods using
computers
COMPUTABILITY
• The act or process that measures what can or
can not be computed
WHAT IS COMPUTING
• The study of natural and artificial information
processes
• Computing is also the study of how to
compute
i.e. process of computation
CURRENT FIELDS OF COMPUTING
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Nanocomputing
DNA computing
Artificial Intelligence
Nature-inspired computing
Quantum computing
Artificial Intelligence
• A branch of computing that studies the use of
computers to perform computational
processes normally associated with human
intellect
ALGORITHMS
• A description independent of any programming
language of a process that achieve some task.
One algorithm may be implemented in many
different languages in many different ways in
many different programs. And algorithm is run on
a computer by translating it into a sequence of
computer instructions. These computer
instructions are the programs that run on
computer.
• Step by step procedure for solving a problem
Algorithms
• What does a computer know how to do?
Computers are electronic devices that react to
voltage on wires. At this bottom level, the
computer only “Knows” about voltages which,
for convince, we interpret as numbers it is the
program running on the computer that
interprets the number as characters, which
can be interpreted in collection such as a web
page.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ALOGRITHM
Algorithms should be
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Fastest
Shortest
Least amount of space
Computability - Problem solving
Accurate
PURPOSE OF ALGORITHMS
• To communicate a computation to humans
not to computers
TRAVELLING SALESPERSON PERSON
PROBLEMS
Is there a route that
120
takes the salesperson
F
B
70
through every city and
back to the starting city
A at the cost of no more
than 520 £ ?
70
C
100
40
50
D
80
30
G
90
A
110
70
E
PROGRAMS
• Description in a programming language of a
process that achieve some useful results
Program P(I);
Write (I*2);
End.
PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTATIONS
• Abstraction
• Automation
ABSTRACTION
• Right level for thinking about a particular
problem
• To simply communicate complex ideas
• To Logically decompose problems
AUTOMATION
• The technique, method, or system of
operating or controlling a process by highly
automatic means, as by electronic devices,
• To automate a algorithm