Transcript What is AI?
Artificial Intelligence Nawazish Naveed 1 Instructor Nawazish Naveed – Online course content and coordination: • Group: – To be announced. • Teaching Assistant: – To be Announced • Office Hours – Will be announced with course of time Grading(rigid) Assignments 4 Quizzes 4 Projects 40% of Practical Mid 12 Practical 20 Final 20 Total 60 Projects/Homeworks submission • • • • Deadlines are always final Submission guidelines must be followed. Submit compressed files (rar,zip). Name your submission folder in the format RollNo_Name_HW# • e.g. 123_Umar_HW#3 • No grouping is allowed in assignments. Late assignments • To cater for emergencies however, everyone gets 3 late days. • The concept is that you can use these at your discretion any time during this course for regular assignments (not for project). Homework Assignments • Will be made very often in the class or lab with an opportunity for class discussion of answers. • Answers for some problems can be discussed in class and others will be your responsibility. • You should do all exercises by the stipulated time. • It is important that you do the homework. Many (but not all) of the exam questions are similar to those assigned in the homework. 6 Quizzes • Exact dates will be announced sometimes for the quizzes. Mostly there will be snap quiz. • If quiz are missed due to illness, I must have a doctor or health center excuse explaining why you could not take the exam on that date. • Makeup quiz, available only with pre-notification and prearrangement are often harder than the original. • Excuses other than the above are not acceptable. • The exams are prescheduled by the department as noted previously. 7 Policy Regarding Exams • If you feel that you have a reasonable excuse for missing your quizzes or exams, then the solution doesn’t lie with me. • Contact the academic office and let them decide the fate for your missed opportunities. • The decision by academic office will be given due recognition. 8 Helping, Copying, Plagiarism • We want you to learn. • We want you to talk with each other, learn together, and help each other, But Plagiarism is unacceptable! (plagiarism = presenting other people’s work as your own) • If you got help for your assignment from anyone but the lecturer or the TA, STATE IT ON THE ASSIGNMENT ! • If you copied bits of code from anywhere but the lecture slides or the textbook STATE IT ON THE ASSIGNMENT ! – (anything more than one line) 9 Guidelines • Read your email and messages on the course yahoo group regularly • Check notice board sub folder in course folder daily • Start working on projects/homeworks from first day. • Remain attentive during the class. Questions are always welcome. • I will ask questions very often What is AI? • People have been, since ages, drawn to the idea of creating intelligence outside the human body. • Examples are numerous in Greek and European mythology • Ever since the first computers were built, scientist have been trying to make them intelligent 11 What is AI? • The branch of computer science called Artificial Intelligence is said to have been born at a conference held at Dartmouth, USA, in 1956 • The scientists attending that conference represented several different disciplines: mathematics, neurology, psychology, electrical engineering, etc • They had one thing in common: They all were trying to use the recently developed computers to simulate various aspects of human intelligence 12 What is AI? • Artificial Intelligence may be defined as the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior • An exact definition of intelligence is not easy to formulate • However, there are some general abilities which are universally considered as intelligent 13 What is AI? According to Douglas Hofstadter these are: - To respond to situations very flexibly If the same response is exhibited each time, the behavior is called mechanical. To survive in changing environments, one need to exhibit innovative behavior (e.g. art of begging) - To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages We understand such messages because our knowledge and experience allows us to place them in context. (e.g. time flies like an arrow, buy this washing powder versus buy that washing powder) 14 What is AI? - To recognize the relative importance of different elements of a situation (e.g. quality versus price of a commodity) - To find similarities between situations despite differences which may separate them (e.g. chairs in two different pictures) - To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities which may link them (e.g. differences in two cars) These abilities are largely due to knowledge and experience, which allows you to place an information in its wider context 15 What is AI? Another definition of intelligence: It is the ability to - perceive inter-relationship of facts - learn and understand from experience - acquire and retain knowledge - respond quickly and successfully to a new situation 16 What is AI? Turing test was proposed in 1950. It is a test to decide whether or not a particular machine is intelligent. Machine Human Player 17 What is AI? - Contact only through monitor and keyboard - Machine tries to pose as a human - If the player cannot distinguish between human and machine, then machine is considered intelligent 18 History of AI? The term AI was formalised in Dartmouth Conference in 1957. Dartmouth is a college in USA. Up till 1980’s the AI expansion was in the field of Expert Systems, Chess and other game playing and Natural Language Processing. During these times LISP was invented in 1957 and PROLOG in 1970 (These are AI programming languages). In the 1990’s some new techniques became famous, namely Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms and Fuzzy Logic. 19 History of AI? 1950 1955 1956 1957 1965 1967 Turning describes his test for machine intelligence Bernstein develops first working chess program McCarthy coins the term Artificial Intelligence McCarthy invents LISP Feigenbaum develops the first expert system Greenblatt develops the first competent chess program 1970 PROLOG language is invented 1972 Natural language processing program SHRDLU 1982 Japanese 5th generation AI research effort begins 20 Major AI Areas 1. Expert Systems An ES is a computer program designed to act as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise). It typically includes a sizeable knowledge base, consisting of facts about the domain and rules for application to those facts. Medical, chemical, geological 2. Natural Language Processing Goal is to enable people and computers to communicate in ordinary or natural English. - Comprehension of natural language: Keyboard input, speech recognition - Generation of natural language. 21 Major AI Areas 3. Robotics and Computer Vision Factory automation Autonomous vehicles Robots: Electromechanical devices programmed to perform manual tasks. Not all robots are intelligent. Some are pre-programmed by conventional techniques and are dumb. An intelligent robot usually includes some kind of sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to changes in its environment. Computer Vision: Comprehension of surroundings (interpretation of images) 22 Major AI Areas 4. Game Playing e.g. Chess 5. Languages and Environment of AI 6. Planning and Decision Support Intelligent programs designed to provide active assistance in the planning process. They are helpful to managers with decision making responsibilities 23 Major AI Areas 7. Automatic Programming The aim is a computer system that could develop programs by itself, in response to and in accordance with the specifications of a program developer 8. Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction Computerised tutors that shape their teaching techniques to fit the learning patterns of individual students 9. Machine Learning & Emergent Computation e.g. Neural Networks, Genetic algorithm. 24 AI prehistory Philosophy logic, methods of reasoning mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality Mathematics formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability probability Psychology adaptation phenomena of perception and motor control experimental techniques (psychophysics, etc.) 25 Economics formal theory of rational decisions Linguistics knowledge representation grammar Neuroscience plastic physical substrate for mental activity Control theory homeostatic systems, stability simple optimal agent designs 26 AI Growing Pains • Many methods and techniques have been developed under the umbrella of AI to simulate intelligent behavior • However, we are still far away from the goals set by Hollywood movies like Terminator 27 Home Work Uses and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing, Medicine, Defense, Chemistry, and other Applied Disciplines chap. 1 of the given book ArtificialIntelligence3rdEdModernApproach Russel 28