Transcript What is AI?
Artificial Intelligence
Nawazish Naveed
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Instructor
Nawazish Naveed
– Online course content and coordination:
• Group:
– To be announced.
• Teaching Assistant:
– To be Announced
• Office Hours
– Will be announced with course of time
Grading(rigid)
Assignments
4
Quizzes
4
Projects
40% of Practical
Mid
12
Practical
20
Final
20
Total
60
Projects/Homeworks submission
•
•
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Deadlines are always final
Submission guidelines must be followed.
Submit compressed files (rar,zip).
Name your submission folder in the format
RollNo_Name_HW#
• e.g. 123_Umar_HW#3
• No grouping is allowed in assignments.
Late assignments
• To cater for emergencies however,
everyone gets 3 late days.
• The concept is that you can use these at
your discretion any time during this course
for regular assignments (not for project).
Homework Assignments
• Will be made very often in the class or lab with an
opportunity for class discussion of answers.
• Answers for some problems can be discussed in
class and others will be your responsibility.
• You should do all exercises by the stipulated time.
• It is important that you do the homework. Many
(but not all) of the exam questions are similar to
those assigned in the homework.
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Quizzes
• Exact dates will be announced sometimes for the quizzes.
Mostly there will be snap quiz.
• If quiz are missed due to illness, I must have a doctor or
health center excuse explaining why you could not take the
exam on that date.
• Makeup quiz, available only with pre-notification and
prearrangement are often harder than the original.
• Excuses other than the above are not acceptable.
• The exams are prescheduled by the department as noted
previously.
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Policy Regarding Exams
• If you feel that you have a reasonable excuse for
missing your quizzes or exams, then the solution
doesn’t lie with me.
• Contact the academic office and let them decide
the fate for your missed opportunities.
• The decision by academic office will be given due
recognition.
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Helping, Copying, Plagiarism
• We want you to learn.
• We want you to talk with each other, learn together, and help
each other, But
Plagiarism is unacceptable!
(plagiarism = presenting other people’s work as your own)
• If you got help for your assignment from anyone but the
lecturer or the TA,
STATE IT ON THE ASSIGNMENT !
• If you copied bits of code from anywhere but
the lecture slides or the textbook
STATE IT ON THE ASSIGNMENT !
– (anything more than one line)
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Guidelines
• Read your email and messages on the
course yahoo group regularly
• Check notice board sub folder in course
folder daily
• Start working on projects/homeworks from
first day.
• Remain attentive during the class.
Questions are always welcome.
• I will ask questions very often
What is AI?
• People have been, since ages, drawn to the idea
of creating intelligence outside the human body.
• Examples are numerous in Greek and European mythology
• Ever since the first computers were built, scientist have been
trying to make them intelligent
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What is AI?
• The branch of computer science called Artificial Intelligence
is said to have been born at a conference held at
Dartmouth, USA, in 1956
• The scientists attending that conference represented several
different disciplines: mathematics, neurology,
psychology, electrical engineering, etc
• They had one thing in common:
They all were trying to use the recently developed
computers to simulate various aspects of human
intelligence
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What is AI?
• Artificial Intelligence may be defined as the branch of
computer science that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior
• An exact definition of intelligence is not easy to formulate
• However, there are some general abilities which are
universally considered as intelligent
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What is AI?
According to Douglas Hofstadter these are:
- To respond to situations very flexibly
If the same response is exhibited each time, the behavior
is called mechanical.
To survive in changing environments, one need to exhibit
innovative behavior (e.g. art of begging)
- To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages
We understand such messages because our knowledge
and experience allows us to place them in context.
(e.g. time flies like an arrow, buy this washing powder
versus buy that washing powder)
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What is AI?
- To recognize the relative importance of different elements
of a situation
(e.g. quality versus price of a commodity)
- To find similarities between situations despite differences
which may separate them
(e.g. chairs in two different pictures)
- To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities
which may link them
(e.g. differences in two cars)
These abilities are largely due to knowledge and experience,
which allows you to place an information in its wider context
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What is AI?
Another definition of intelligence:
It is the ability to
- perceive inter-relationship of facts
- learn and understand from experience
- acquire and retain knowledge
- respond quickly and successfully to a new
situation
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What is AI?
Turing test was proposed in 1950.
It is a test to decide whether or not a particular
machine is intelligent.
Machine
Human
Player
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What is AI?
- Contact only through monitor and keyboard
- Machine tries to pose as a human
- If the player cannot distinguish between human and
machine, then machine is considered intelligent
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History of AI?
The term AI was formalised in Dartmouth Conference in
1957. Dartmouth is a college in USA.
Up till 1980’s the AI expansion was in the field of Expert
Systems, Chess and other game playing and Natural
Language Processing.
During these times LISP was invented in 1957 and
PROLOG in 1970 (These are AI programming
languages).
In the 1990’s some new techniques became famous,
namely Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms and
Fuzzy Logic.
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History of AI?
1950
1955
1956
1957
1965
1967
Turning describes his test for machine intelligence
Bernstein develops first working chess program
McCarthy coins the term Artificial Intelligence
McCarthy invents LISP
Feigenbaum develops the first expert system
Greenblatt develops the first competent chess
program
1970 PROLOG language is invented
1972 Natural language processing program SHRDLU
1982 Japanese 5th generation AI research effort begins
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Major AI Areas
1. Expert Systems
An ES is a computer program designed to act as an
expert in a particular domain (area of expertise). It
typically includes a sizeable knowledge base,
consisting of facts about the domain and rules for
application to those facts. Medical, chemical,
geological
2. Natural Language Processing
Goal is to enable people and computers to
communicate in ordinary or natural English.
- Comprehension of natural language:
Keyboard input, speech recognition
- Generation of natural language.
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Major AI Areas
3. Robotics and Computer Vision
Factory automation
Autonomous vehicles
Robots: Electromechanical devices programmed to
perform manual tasks. Not all robots are
intelligent. Some are pre-programmed by
conventional techniques and are dumb. An
intelligent robot usually includes some kind of
sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to
changes in its environment.
Computer Vision: Comprehension of surroundings
(interpretation of images)
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Major AI Areas
4. Game Playing
e.g. Chess
5. Languages and Environment of AI
6. Planning and Decision Support
Intelligent programs designed to provide active
assistance in the planning process. They are helpful
to managers with decision making responsibilities
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Major AI Areas
7. Automatic Programming
The aim is a computer system that could develop
programs by itself, in response to and in
accordance with the specifications of a program
developer
8. Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction
Computerised tutors that shape their teaching
techniques to fit the learning patterns of individual
students
9. Machine Learning & Emergent Computation
e.g. Neural Networks, Genetic algorithm.
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AI prehistory
Philosophy logic, methods of reasoning mind as
physical system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
Mathematics formal representation and proof
algorithms, computation, (un)decidability,
(in)tractability
probability
Psychology adaptation phenomena of perception and
motor control experimental techniques
(psychophysics, etc.)
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Economics formal theory of rational decisions
Linguistics knowledge representation grammar
Neuroscience plastic physical substrate for
mental activity
Control theory homeostatic systems, stability
simple optimal agent designs
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AI Growing Pains
• Many methods and techniques have been developed
under the umbrella of AI to simulate intelligent
behavior
• However, we are still far away from the goals set by
Hollywood movies like Terminator
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Home Work
Uses and Applications of Artificial
Intelligence in Manufacturing, Medicine,
Defense, Chemistry, and other Applied
Disciplines
chap. 1 of the given book
ArtificialIntelligence3rdEdModernApproach
Russel
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