Transcript Cognitive
Engineering Psychology Cognitive Science Multidisciplinary aproach Philosophy Psychology Linguistics Artificial Anthropology Intelligence Neuroscience Jakub Jura [email protected] http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jurajaku/ing-psych/ What is Cognitive • • • • From latin cognoscere = getting to know Distinguish emotional and rational Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“. Cognition is close to episthemology • Symbolic cognitive models are theories of human cognition that take the form of working computer programs (Wilson & Keil 1999). What is Cognitive Science • Cognitive Science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works (wiki). • It si complex of study, which have an aim to answer old epistemological question by the empiral way. Mostly answer about nature of cognition, their resources, development, components and structuration (I. Havel). • Study of all form of human inteligence – from sensation and perception, to speech, language and problem solving. Cognitive Science Components How human psyche working? Philosophy Psychology Linguistics How to realise all of this on computers? Language mediated cognition. Artificial Anthropology intelligence Cognition, from biological point of view. Philosophy of science as a phylosophy of cognition Cultural determination of cognitive processes Neuroscience Philosophy Philosophy of science as a philosophy of cognition • Positivism (Positive Philosophy ) – Aguste Comte (1798-1857) – Positiv (fr.) is certain and it is means repetitively observable. • Phenomenology – Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) , Martin Heidegger (1889-1976 ) – There is no objective reality. – Subjective reality come of interpretation of the phenomenon. • Constructivism – George Kelly (1905-1967), Humberto Maturana (), Keneth Gergen – Reality is constructed by the humans. Mind-Body Problem Monism Materialsm Dualism Mentalism Paralel Theory of identity Interakting Emergentism Philosophy of unexpectedness in AI • Sudden, unexpected, unpredicable. • Emergent entities (properties or substances) ‘arise’ out of more fundamental entities and yet are ‘novel’ or ‘irreducible’ with respect to them. • For example, it is sometimes said that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain. Psychology How human psyche working? • • • • Edward C. Tolman – Cognitive map Ulric Neisser – Cognitive ecology David Marr (1945-1980) – Human vision Jean Piaget – Structural invariants of cognitive functiones Edward C. Tolman – Cognitive map • Multimodal mental representation – Not only propositional code. – Not only analog code. – Since schema integrated both representation. Cognitive maps are a method we use to construct and accumulate spatial knowledge, allowing the "mind's eye" to visualize images in order to reduce cognitive load, enhance recall and learning of information (Wiki). If you try to draw a plan of yours dwelling environs. Neisser's cycle of perception Cognitive Ecology Actual world Object available information Samples Modify Exploration Schema of environment Cognitive map Directs Locomotion and action David Courtnay Marr – Human vision • Vision as an information processing system . • From a two-dimensional visual array (retinal image) to a three-dimensional description of the world. – – – – Retinal (intensity) image Primal sketch … edges, regiones 2.5D sketch … textures, highlights, shades 3D sketch … 3-dimensional map of the scene • Computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. Jean Piaget Structural invariants of cognitive functiones • Grupa G (A,*) • Felix Klein – Erlangen program – Geometrical space is set of properties of a space that is invariant under a given group of transformations (e.g. Given object is invariant to a transformation translation). – Classification of geometries (projective, ) by their underlying symmetry (Klein) groups. Each of geometry have a specific invariant of transformation, which characterized them. • Jean Piaget – psychological structuralism – Each of developmental stage have a specific invariant of transformation, which characterized them. Linguistics Language mediated cognition. • • • • Ferdinand de Saussure John L. Austin John R. Searle Noam Chomsky Syntax – the study of grammar of sentences. Semantics – the study of the meaning. Pragmastics – the study of the using the language. Ferdinand de Saussure Diachronic and synchronic linguistics. • Diachronic (historical) Linguistics – Study of language change (development). – Etymology. • Synchronic Linguistics – Linguistic phenomena occur only at one point in time. Ogden-Richard‘s semiotic triangle Meaning Designat Psyche Sign Vehikulum Symbol Language Reality Stands for Object Denotat Valence Grammar Lucien Tesnièr . • The core of the sentence is the verb (valence verb). • Others constituents is called actants. – obligatory – in a sentence must be realised – fakultative – in a sentence could be realised < AAAAAA > [ < AAAAAA >] • Grammar pattern is: • AAAAAA BBBBBB valence verb XXXXXX YYYYYY ZZZZZZ • Computer example: – ARJ <command> [-<sw> [-<sw>...]] <archive_name> [<file_names>...] Transformational grammar TG Noam Chomsky. Phrasal categories: Lexical categories: S – sentence N – nomen NP – nominal phrase V – verbum VP – verbalní phrase Adj – adjektivum PP – prepositional phrase Det – determinátor Aux – auxiliary verb prep/P – preposition Pro – pronomen conj – conjunction Transformation rules • • • • • • The sequence of rules for transformation the sentence to question in France language: VP Pro + V VP´ V + (-) + Pro NP N S VP + NP ?S VP´ + NP + (?) • • • • VP NP S ?S français ?S = • Il + français Il + parle + + (?) parle-il français? parle parle (-) + + français il + Noam Chomsky (1928) • American lingvist. He postulated hypothesis of deep and surface structures of language. The deep structure is common for all nations and is inborn is called Internal language (I- language). The surface language is usually nationally language and is called external language (E- language). Transformation between deep and surface language structure is realized by the transform grammar. • http://www.chomsky.info/ John Langshav Austin (1911 - 1960) • British philosopher - linguistic phenomenalist. Object of his interest was an natural language (not artificial/logical like a B. Russel). His main work is theory of „speech act“. The language is not static system, but language is activity, is realisating of a speech act. . http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aust.htm John Rogers Searle (1932) • English philosopher, concentrated to a natural language philosophy (follower of J. L. Austin). • He developing theory of speech acts. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle Social Anthropology Cultural determination of cognitive processes • How can culture influence the cognition? • Sapir–Whorf hypothesis - structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world. Minimal Social Convention Cultural concept used in AI • Minimal social convention is agreement, that all in-group members known our goals and make a commitment to • norm =( Θ φ ψ) – – – – Norm … standard Θ … comunity of (agents) Φ … common goals Ψ … prerequisite of achieve of a goals. Neuroscience Cognition from biological point of view. • Karl Pribram – holografic theory of memory. Neuroscience Cognition from biological point of view. • Karl Pribram – holografic theory of memory. K. H. Pribram • Informations in the brain are stored in more layers and same information lay in more or all of this layers. Thus made a complex image and allow reconstruction of complete information from their fragment. • http://www.cts.cuni.cz/events/pribram.html K., H., Pribram. Mozek a mysl. Gallery, Praha 1999. Fourier transformation – transfer of the data from space-time (global) domain to spectral (local) domain. Projection of phenomenon in cortex Something is accessible for the consciousness when has an image in cerebral cortex. Brodmann Cytoarchitectonic map What given part of cerebal cortex do? • German neurologist Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) Artificial Intelligence How to realize all of this on computers? • The science and engineering of making intelligent machines. • • • • • • • • pattern recognition planning machine learning representation of knowledge inference learning from experience ontology genetic programming Marvin Minski (1927) American mathematician. He imagine human thinking as a process of transformation of symbols of outer and inner world, according to given rules. http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/ • AI is the ability of a computer or other machine to perform those activities that are normally thought to require intelligence. Cybernetics Norbert Wiener • Feed Back Control – Positive feed back – negatife feed back Cognitive Science Components How human psyche working? Philosophy Psychology Linguistics How to realise all of this on computers? Language mediated cognition. Artificial Anthropology intelligence Cognition, from biological point of view. Philosophy of science as a phylosophy of cognition Cultural determination of cognitive processes Neuroscience Cognitive Science Interconnections Draw your interconnections and intersections … Philosophy Psychology What do the lines (asociations) means… Linguistics Artificial Anthropology intelligence Neuroscience Cognitive science George Kelly (1905 - 1967) • Teorie osobních konstruktů (Personal construct theory) • způsob popisu, hodnocení, interpretace a vysvětlení světa • test repertoáru rolových konstruktů (role construct repertory test)