Transcript 投影片 1

Special Topics on
Pervasive Computing
Parts of the slides are extracted from those of
Profs. Mark Weiser, Deborah Estrin, Akbar
Sayeed, Jack Stankovic, Mani Srivastava,
Esa Tuulari, Qiong Luo, Chung-Ta King, and
so on.
What is ubiquitous computing?
• 台灣譯：遍在、無所不在、蔓延、普及、隨處… (五花八門…..)
• 中國譯:……(我哪知Orz)
所謂的「無所不在」（Ubiquitous）是拉丁語中存在於任何地方
（existing everywhere）的意思，表示任何時間、任何地點、任何事
情、任何人（Anytime、anywhere、anything、anyone）都可利用。
• 無所不在運算（Ubiquitous Computing）的概念為 Xerox 實驗室的電
腦科學家魏瑟（Mark Weiser）於 1991 年首度提出，指出電腦或終
端設備在任何地點皆可與網路進行連接，實現任何地方都可連結的資
訊社會。
• 表示未來的資通訊技術在任何時間、任何地點、任何事情、任何人都
可利用，並具備以下三項特色，包括：(1) 運算裝置將嵌入到人們每
天生活中的每個物件與地方；{2} 未來的運算裝置將更具備智慧型介
面，讓人們在使用上更加簡單與易於使用；(3) 透過各項運算裝置連
接到通訊網路，將使得人們可在任何地點與時間存取所需資訊。（以
上參考 2005 年六月行政院國家資訊通信發展推動小組 NICI「論亞太
各國無所不在的網路社會推動政策」乙文)
What is ubiquitous computing?
• 大陸叫Ubiquitous Computing為普适计算
(普適計算)～
• 也有幾個說法又稱普存計算、普及計算
（pervasive computing）
What is Ubiquitous Computing?
• Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) integrates
computation into the environment, rather than
having computers which are distinct objects.
• The idea of ubicomp enable people to interact
with information-processing devices more
naturally and casually, and in ways that suit
whatever location or context they find
themselves in.
~from Wiki
The Scope of Ubicomp
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Pervasive Computing
Sentient computing
Simulated reality
Wearable computer
Context-aware pervasive systems
Ambient intelligence
Virtual reality
Human-centered computing
Pervasive (Ubiquitous)
Computing Vision
“In the 21st century the technology
revolution will move into the everyday,
the small and the invisible…”
“The most profound technologies are those
that disappear. They weave themselves
into the fabrics of everyday life until they
are indistinguishable from it.”
Mark Weiser (1952 –1999), XEROX PARC
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Small, cheap, mobile processors and sensors
in almost all everyday objects
on your body (“wearable computing”)
embedded in environment (“ambient intelligence”)
Goals of Pervasive (Ubiquitous)
Computing
• Ultimate goal:
– Invisible technology
– Integration of virtual and physical worlds
– Throughout desks, rooms, buildings, and life
– Take the data out of environment, leaving
behind just an enhanced ability to act
Pervasive Computing Phase I
• Phase I
– Smart, ubiquitous I/O devices: tabs, pads, and boards
– Hundreds of computers per person, but casual, lowintensity use
– Many, many “displays”: audio, visual, environmental
– Wireless networks
– Location-based, context-aware services
• Using a computer should be as refreshing as a
walk in the woods
Smart Objects
• Real world objects are
enriched with information
processing capabilities
• Embedded processors
– in everyday objects
– small, cheap, lightweight
• Communication capability
– wired or wireless
– spontaneous networking
and interaction
• Sensors and actuators
Smart Objects (cont.)
• Can remember pertinent events
– They have a memory
• Show context-sensitive behavior
– They may have sensors
– Location/situation/context
awareness
• Are responsive/proactive
– Communicate with environment
– Networked with other smart objects
Smart Objects (cont.)
Pervasive Computing Enablers
• Moore’s Law of IC Technologies
• Communication Technologies
• Material Technologies
• Sensors/Actuators
First Enabler: Moore‘s Law
• Processing speed and storage capacity
double every 18 months
– “cheaper, smaller, faster”
• Exponential increase
– will probably go on for the next 10 years at the
same rate
Generalized Moore’s Law
• Most important
technology parameters
double every 1–3 years:
– computation cycles
– memory, magnetic disks
– bandwidth
• Consequence:
– scaling down
Problems:
• increasing cost
• energy
2nd Enabler: Communication
• Bandwidth of single fibers ~10 Gb/s
– 2002: ~20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex
– Powerline
– coffee maker “automatically” connected to the Internet
• Wireless
– mobile phone: GSM, GPRS, 3G
– wireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s)
– Bluetooth
• Room networks, body area networks
• Internet-on-a-chip
Ubiquitous Information
PAN: Personal area network
Body Area Networks
• Very low current (some nA), some kb/s
through the human body
• Possible applications:
– Car recognize driver
– Pay when touching
the door of a bus
– Phone configures itself
when it is touched
Spontaneous Networking
• Objects in an open, distributed, dynamic
world find each other and form a transitory
community
– Devices recognize that
they “belong together”
3rd Enabler: New Materials
• Important: whole eras named after materials
– e.g., “Stone Age”, “Iron Age”, “Pottery Age”, etc.
• Recent: semiconductors, fibers
– information and communication technologies
• Organic semiconductors
– change the external appearance of computers
• “Plastic” laser
– Opto-electronics, flexible displays,…
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Smart Paper, Electronic Ink
• Electronic ink
– micro capsules, white on one
side and black on the other
– oriented by electrical field
– substrate could be an array of
plastic transistors
• Potentially high contrast, low
energy, flexible
• Interactive: writable with
magnetic pen
Interactive Map
• Foldable and rollable
You are here!
Smart Clothing
• Conductive textiles and inks
– print electrically active
patterns directly onto fabrics
• Sensors based on fabric
– e.g., monitor pulse, blood
pressure, body temperature
• Invisible collar microphones
• Kidswear
– game console on the sleeve?
– integrated GPS-driven
locators?
– integrated small cameras (to
keep the parents calm)?
Smart Glasses
• By 2009, computers will disappear. Visual
information will be written directly onto our
retinas by devices in
our eyeglasses and
contact lenses
-- Raymond Kurzweil
4th Enabler: Sensors/Actuators
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Miniaturized cameras, microphones,...
Fingerprint sensor
Radio sensors
RFID
Infrared
Location sensors
– e.g., GPS
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Example: Radio Sensors
• No external power supply
– energy from the
actuation process
– piezoelectric and
pyroelectric materials
transform changes in
pressure or temperature
into energy
• RF signal is transmitted via an antenna (20 m
distance)
• Applications: temperature surveillance, remote
control (e.g., wireless light switch),...
RFIDs (“Smart Labels”)
• Identify objects from distance
– small IC with RFtransponder
• Wireless energy supply
– ~1m
– magnetic field (induction)
• ROM or EEPROM (writeable)
– ~100 Byte
• Cost ~$0.1 ... $1
– consumable and disposable
• Flexible tags
– laminated with paper
Putting Them Altogether
• Progress in
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computing speed
communication bandwidth
material sciences
sensor techniques
computer science
concepts
miniaturization
energy and battery
display technologies
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Enables new
applications
“Post-PC era”
business
opportunities
Challenges for
computer scientists,
e.g., infrastructure
Example Projects
• ETH Zurich The Smart Its Project
• HP Cooltown project
• AT&T Sentient System
• Berkeley’s Wireless Sensor Network
• Intel Mote/RFID Project
The Smart Its Project
• Vision: make everyday objects
as smart, interconnected
information artifacts
– by attaching “Smart-Its”
• Smart labels
– Atmel microcontroller:
(ETH Zurich)
4 MIPS, 128 kB flash
HP Cooltown project
Magnifying Glass
• An object as a web link
– e.g., by displaying a dynamically generated
homepage
– Contents may depend
on circumstances, e.g.,
context and privileges
– possibly mediated by
different name resolvers
AT&T Sentient System
Timeline-based context storage
Location tracking
Position monitoring
Berkeley’s Wireless Sensor
Network
• MICA Motes, sensors, and TinyOS:
Berkeley’s Wireless Sensor
Network (Cont.)
• Sensor nodes
– Computing – MCU (micro-controller unit )
– Sensing
• Heat, light, sound, magnetism, etc.
– Wireless communication
• Sensor networks
– Consist of several thousands of sensor
nodes
– To retrieve information about an area of
interest
Berkley MICA-2
Intel Next Generation Mote
Resources for Ubicomp
• Ubiquitous Projects
– Participate
– IPERG
• Some news sites are recording commercial and
academic developments:
– eBiquity
• Notable conferences in the field include:
– International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp)
– Conference: Research & Development Workshops on Pervasive
Learning (Pervasive Learning)
– International Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive)
– IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and
Communications (Percom)
Resources for Ubicomp---cont.
• Magazines committed to pervasive
computing:
– Pervasive Computing (IEEE)
– Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (Springer)
• Ubiquitous computing initiatives in
education:
– Ubiquitous Computing Consortium
List of Researches
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Australia
– e-World Lab, University of South Australia
– Human Media Lab, Queen's University
– Mobile Ubiquitous Services & Technologies Group, University of Technology,
Sydney
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Austria
– Pervasive Computing, Kepler University Linz Austria
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Belgium
– Programming Technology Laboratory in Ambient-Oriented Programming, Vrije
Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Brazil
– Embedded Systems and Pervasive Computing Lab, Federal University of
Campina Grande, Brazil
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Denmark
– Centre for Pervasive Computing, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Finland
– Intelligent Systems Group, University of Oulu, Finland
List of Researches
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France
– LIRIS (CNRS), University of Lyon, France
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Germany
– AMBIENTE Lab in Human-Computer Interaction, Fraunhofer IPSI Institute,
AMBIENTE division, Germany
– Embedded Interaction Research Group, University of Munich, Germany
– Telecooperation Group, Department of Computer Science, TU Darmstadt,
Germany
– Telecooperation Office (TecO), University of Karlsruhe, Germany
– Media Computing Group, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
– OOT The Office of Tomorrow Project of Digital Media, Hagenberg
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[Ireland
– Systems Research Group, UCD Dublin, Ireland
– Interaction Design Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Japan
– Nakajima Lab, Waseda University
– Tokuda Lab, Keio University
List of Researches
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Korea
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Portugal
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Mixed Reality Lab, Nanyang Technological University
Spain
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ubicomp@uminho Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing Group at University of Minho, Portugal
ubicomp@ailab Ubiquitous Computing Group at Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Centre for
Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, Portugal
Singapore
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ACAMUS Group, Ubiquitous Computing Lab, Kyung Hee University, Korea
CHICO Laboratory in Computer Human Interaction, University of Castilla - la Mancha, Spain
MoreLab (Mobility Research Lab), University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
AmiLab (Ambient Intelligence Laboratory), Tekniker Technological Center , Eibar, Basque
Country, Spain
Sweden
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Future Applications Lab, Viktoria Institute
MDA, Department of Computer Science, Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
List of Researches
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Switzerland
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Taiwan
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Auto-ID Labs St. Gallen/ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich
Institute for Pervasive Computing, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Pervasive and Artificial Intelligence research group, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
Ubicomp Lab, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
PADS Lab, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
United Kingdom
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Equator Project The Equator Project, UK
Cogent Computing Applied Research Centre at Coventry University, UK
Computing Department, Lancaster University
Grid and Pervasive Computing Group, University of Southampton
Intelligent Inhabited Environments Group, University of Essex
Pervasive Computing Group, University of Birmingham, UK
Digital Technology Group (was Laboratory for Communication Engineering), University of
Cambridge
Distributed Software Engineering Group, Imperial College London
List of Researches
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United States
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DUB Group, University of Washington
Group for User Interface Research, University of California, Berkeley
Intel Research Seattle
LUCI The Laboratory for Ubiquitous Computing and Interaction at UC Irvine
MIT Media Lab
Mobile & Pervasive Co
PARC
Stanford University Interactive Workspaces
SURG, Indiana University
Ubiquitous Computing Research Group, Georgia Institute of Technology
UCSD, explorations in community-oriented ubiquitous computing
GAIA Homepage A project about Ubiquitous computing
Research Center for Educational Technology at Kent State University (RCET)
Other
– Center for Research in Ubiquitous Computing (CRUC at FAST NU Karachi)
– Retrieved from
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ubiquitous_computing_research_centers"
The focus of this course
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Smart living environment.
Wearable devices.
Mobile computing applications.
Medical & Healthcare Applications.
~~We provide sensor nodes and mobile
phones for any idea realization~~
Grading
• Paper presentation (70%)
• A report of a creative idea(30%)
– Improve your life, emotion, …anything.
– Realization & Implementation.