Transcript Intelligent Transportation System

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Abdul Jabir
2005-CTE-16
Abdul Razaq
200-CTE-17
Qammar Abbas Khan
2005-CTE-06
Muhammad Rizwan Sarwar
2005-CTE-20
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Introduction to ITS
Goals for ITS
Branches of ITS
ITS Technologies
Functions of ITS
Key ITS Concepts
ITS in Pakistan
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Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is an
umbrella term for a range of
technologies including processing,
control, communication and electronics,
that are applied to a transportation
system. It also includes an advanced
approach to traffic management.
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ITS improves transportation safety and
mobility and enhances productivity
through the use of advanced
communications technologies.
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Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
apply well-established technologies of
communications, control, electronics and
computer hardware & software to the
surface transportation system.
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Intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
encompass a broad range of wireless and
wire line communications-based
information and electronics
technologies. When integrated into the
transportation system's infrastructure, and
in vehicles themselves, these technologies
relieve congestion, improve safety and
enhance productivity.
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Improved Safety
Reduced Congestion
Increased and Higher Quality Mobility
Reduced Environmental Impact
Improved Energy Efficiency
Improved Economic Productivity
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ITS is made up of 16 types of technology
based systems. These systems are
divided into intelligent infrastructure
systems and intelligent vehicle systems.
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Planned arteries, highways, traffic
signals, signs, their coordination and
use of latest technologies such as DMS
and HAR enables transportation
infrastructure for smooth and efficient
traffic operation.
Arterial
Management
Incident
management
Freeway
Management
Emergency
management
Transit
Management
Electronic payment
and pricing
Traveler
information
Roadway Operation
and Maintenance
Information
Management
Road Weather
Management
Crash Prevention
and Safety
Commercial Vehicle
operation
Inter-Modal
Freight
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Intelligent Vehicle Technologies telematics comprise
electronic, electromechanical, and electromagnetic
devices - usually silicon micromachined components
operating in conjunction with computer controlled
devices and radio transceivers to provide precision
repeatability functions (such as in robotics artificial
intelligence systems) emergency warning validation
performance reconstruction.
Collision Avoidance
Systems
Driver Assistance
Systems
Collision Notification
Systems
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Intelligent infrastructure has attached or
built-in components that are able to collect
and transmit information about the state of
the infrastructure to a central computer, and
in some cases receive back instruction from
the computer, which triggers controlling
devices.
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Arterial Management
Freeway Management
Transit Management
Incident Management
Emergency Management
Traveler Information
Information Management
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Crash Prevention & Safety
Electronic Payment & Pricing
Roadway Operations & Maintenance
Road Weather Management
Commercial Vehicle Operations
Intermodal Freight
Arterial management systems manage traffic
along arterial roadways, employing traffic
detectors, traffic signals, and various means
of communicating information to travelers.
These systems make use of information
collected by traffic surveillance devices to
smooth the flow of traffic along travel
corridors. They also disseminate important
information about travel conditions to
travelers via technologies such as dynamic
message signs (DMS) or highway advisory
radio (HAR).
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Surveillance
Traffic Control
Lane Management
Parking Management
Information Dissemination
Enforcement
Parking Management
Traffic Control Signal
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Freeway management systems’ application is found
in different forms. Traffic surveillance systems use
detectors and video equipment to support the most
advanced freeway management applications. Traffic
control measures on freeway entrance ramps, such as
ramp meters, can use sensor data to optimize freeway
travel speeds and ramp meter wait times. Lane
management applications can address effective
capacity of freeways and promote use of highoccupancy commute modes. Special event
transportation management systems can help control
impact of congestion.
In areas with frequent events, large changeable
destination signs or other lane control
equipment can be installed. In areas with
occasional or one-time events, portable
equipment can help smooth traffic flow.
Advanced communications have improved the
dissemination of information to the traveling
public. Motorists are now able to receive relevant
information on location specific traffic conditions
in a number of ways, including dynamic message
signs, highway advisory radio, in-vehicle
signing, or specialized information transmitted
only to a specific set of vehicles.
Transit ITS services include surveillance and
communications, such as automated vehicle
location (AVL) systems, computer-aided
dispatch (CAD) systems, and remote vehicle
and facility surveillance cameras, which
enable transit agencies to improve the
operational efficiency, safety, and security of
the nation's public transportation systems.
Incident management systems can reduce the
effects of incident-related congestion by
decreasing the time to detect incidents, the time
for responding vehicles to arrive, and the time
required for traffic to return to normal
conditions. Incident management systems make
use of a variety of surveillance technologies,
often shared with freeway and arterial
management systems, as well as enhanced
communications and other technologies that
facilitate coordinated response to incidents.
ITS applications in emergency
management include hazardous
materials management, the
deployment of emergency medical
services, and large and small-scale
emergency response and evacuation
operations.
Traveler information applications use a variety
of technologies, including Internet websites,
telephone hotlines, as well as television and
radio, to allow users to make more informed
decisions regarding trip departures, routes,
and mode of travel. Ongoing implementation
of the designated 511 telephone number will
improve access to traveler information across
the country.
ITS information management supports the
archiving and retrieval of data generated by
other ITS applications and enables ITS
applications that use archived information.
Decision support systems, predictive
information, and performance monitoring are
some ITS applications enabled by ITS
information management. In addition, ITS
information management systems can assist in
transportation planning, research, and safety
management activities.
Crash prevention and safety systems detect
unsafe conditions and provide warnings to
travelers to take action to avoid crashes. These
systems provide alerts for traffic approaching at
dangerous curves, off ramps, restricted
overpasses, highway-rail crossings, high-volume
intersections, and also provide warnings of the
presence of pedestrians, and bicyclists, and
even animals on the roadway. Crash prevention
and safety systems typically employ sensors to
monitor the speed and characteristics of
approaching vehicles and also monitor roadway
conditions and visibility.
These systems may be either permanent or
temporary. Some systems provide a general
warning of the recommended speed for
prevailing roadway conditions. Other systems
provide a specific warning by taking into account
the particular vehicle's characteristics (truck or
car) and a calculation of the recommended speed
for the particular vehicle based on conditions. In
some cases, manual systems are employed, for
example where pedestrians or bicyclists
manually set the system to provide warnings of
their presence to travelers.
Electronic payment systems employ various
communication and electronic technologies to
facilitate commerce between travelers and
transportation agencies, typically for the
purpose of paying tolls and transit fares.
Pricing refers to charging motorists a fee or
toll that varies with the level of demand or
with the time of day.
Road weather management activities include
road weather information systems (RWIS),
winter maintenance technologies, and
coordination of operations within and between
state DOTs. ITS applications assist with the
monitoring and forecasting of roadway and
atmospheric conditions, dissemination of
weather-related information to travelers,
weather-related traffic control measures such as
variable speed limits, and both fixed and mobile
winter maintenance activities.
ITS can facilitate the safe, efficient, secure, and
seamless movement of freight. Applications
being deployed provide for tracking of freight
and carrier assets such as containers and
chassis, and improve the efficiency of freight
terminal processes, drayage operations, and
international border crossings.
With the rapid development of the highway in the
world, traffic accidents are remarkably increasing.
They are often caused by drivers themselves, such as
their sleeping, telephone talking, music
entertaining, chatting and so on. There is no way to
make all drivers obey proper driving rules to prevent
traffic accidents from happening. To solve the
problem, the most effective approach is to develop a
new type of vehicle, which can release drivers from
its operation, which is named as Intelligent Vehicle.
In recent years, the research on Intelligent Vehicles is
very active in some developed countries.
Collision Avoidance System
Driver Assistance System
 Collision Notification System
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To improve the ability of drivers to avoid
accidents, vehicle-mounted collision warning
systems (CWS) continue to be tested and
deployed. These applications use a variety of
sensors to monitor the vehicle's surroundings
and alert the driver of conditions that could lead
to a collision. Examples include forward collision
warning, obstacle detection systems, and road
departure warning systems.
Numerous intelligent vehicle technologies exist
to assist the driver in operating the vehicle
safely. Systems are available to aid with
navigation, while others, such as vision
enhancement and speed control systems, are
intended to facilitate safe driving during
adverse conditions. Other systems assist with
difficult driving tasks such as transit and
commercial vehicle docking.
In an effort to improve response times and save
lives, collision notification systems have been
designed to detect and report the location and
severity of incidents to agencies and services
responsible for coordinating appropriate
emergency response actions. These systems can
be activated manually or automatically with
automatic collision notification and advanced
systems may transmit information on the type
of crash, number of passengers, and the
likelihood of injuries.
Intelligent Transportation Systems vary in
technologies applied, from basic management
systems such as car navigation, traffic signal
control systems, variable message signs or speed
cameras to monitoring applications such as
security CCTV systems, and then to more
advanced applications which integrate live data
and feedback from a number of other sources,
such as Parking Guidance and Information
systems, weather information, bridge de-icing
systems, and the like. Additionally, predictive
techniques are being developed, to allow
advanced modeling and comparison with historical
baseline data.
Wireless Communication
Computational Technologies
Floating Car Data (FCD)
 Sensing Technologies
 Inductive Loop Detection
 Video Vehicle Detection
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Various forms of wireless
communication technologies have been
proposed for Intelligent Transportation
Systems.
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Short Range Wireless Communication
Long Range Wireless Communication
Short range communications are used for less
than 500 yards. They are accomplished using
IEEE 802.11 protocols, specifically WAVE or the
Dedicated Short Range Communications
standard being promoted by the Intelligent
Transportation Society of America and the
United States Department of Transportation.
Theoretically the range of these protocols can
be extended using Mobile ad-hoc networks or
Mesh networking.
Longer range communications have been
proposed using infrastructure networks such as
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) or 3G. Long-range
communications using these methods are well
established, but, unlike the short-range
protocols, these methods require extensive and
very expensive infrastructure deployment.
Recent advances in vehicle electronics have led
to a move toward fewer more capable
computer processors on a vehicle. A typical
vehicle in the early 2000s would have between
20 and 100 individual networked
microcontroller/Programmable logic controller
modules with non-real-time operating systems.
The current trend is toward fewer more costly
microprocessor modules with hardware
memory management and Real-Time
Operating Systems.
The installation of operational systems and
processors in transportation vehicles have
also allowed software applications and
artificial intelligence systems to be installed.
These systems include internal control of
model based processes, artificial intelligence,
ubiquitous computing and other programs
designed to be integrated into a greater
transportation system. Perhaps the most
important of these for Intelligent
Transportation Systems is artificial
intelligence.
Virtually every car contains one or more mobile
phones. These mobile phones routinely transmit
their location information to the network – even
when no voice connection is established. These
cellular phones in cars are used as anonymous traffic
probes. As the car moves, so does the signal of the
mobile phone. By measuring and analyzing
triangulation network data – in an anonymized
format – the data is converted into accurate traffic
flow information.
Since this data is updated constantly throughout the
day, they can be used as traffic probes showing
points where there is traffic congestion, the average
traffic speed and traffic direction. In metropolitan
areas the distance between antennas is shorter and,
thus, accuracy increases. Moreover, since this
system has more coverage, requires no costly
infrastructures and equipment like cameras or
sensors and is not affected by adverse weather
including heavy rain, it is one of the strongest
contenders for Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Sensing technologies have greatly enhanced the
technical capabilities and safety benefits of
Intelligent Transportation Systems around the
world. These sensors include inductive loops that
can sense the vehicles' speed, the number of
vehicles passing as well as the size of these
vehicles.
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Infrastructure Sensors
Vehicle Sensors
Infrastructure sensors are devices that are
installed or embedded on the road, or
surrounding the road (buildings, posts, and signs
for example). These sensing technologies may be
installed during preventive road construction
maintenance or by sensor injection machinery
for rapid deployment of road in-ground sensors.
Acoustic Array Sensor Mounted Along Roadway
Vehicle sensors are those devices installed on the
road or in the vehicle, new technology
development has also enabled cellular phones to
become anonymous traffic probes, already
explained in floating car data.
Inductive loops can be placed in a roadbed to
detect vehicles as they pass over the loop by
measuring the vehicle's magnetic field. The
simplest detectors simply count the number of
vehicles during a unit of time (typically 60
seconds in the United States) that pass over the
loop, while more sophisticated sensors estimate
the speed, length and weight of vehicles and the
distance between them. Loops can be placed in a
single lane or across multiple lanes, and they
work with very slow or stopped vehicles as well as
vehicles moving at high-speed.
Traffic flow measurement and Automatic Incident
Detection using video cameras is another form of
vehicle detection. Since video detection systems
do not involve installing any components directly
into the road surface or roadbed, this type of
system is known as a "non-intrusive" method of
traffic detection. Video from black-and-white or
color cameras is fed into processors that analyze
the changing characteristics of the video image as
vehicles pass. The cameras are typically mounted
on poles or structures above or adjacent to the
roadway.
Most video detection systems require some
initial configuration to teach, processor the
baseline background image. This usually
involves inputting known measurements such
as the distance between lane lines or the
height of the camera above the roadway. The
typical output from a video detection system
is lane-by-lane vehicle speeds, counts and
lane occupancy readings. Some systems
provide additional outputs including gap,
headway, stopped-vehicle detection and
wrong-way vehicle alarms.
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Manage and monitor the network traffic flows
Provide information on the state of the network
Fleet management (vehicle location)
 Trucks
 Buses
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Monitoring vehicle condition and status
 Trucks
 Buses
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Autonomous systems
 Vehicle status
 Intelligent cruise control
 Obstacle detection
 The Need for Organization Innovation
 Public/Private Partnership
 All Levels of Government
 Changes in the Definition of a
“Transportation Professional”
 Academic/Research Role
The Role of the Auto Manufacturer
The Role of the Information Service
Providers
 The Size of the Public and Private
Markets
 ITS as a National System
 Standards and Protocols
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 Productivity and International
Competitiveness
 Congestion
 Safety
 Sustainability
Environment
Energy
 Mobility
 Limits on “Build More Highways” Option
High cost
Space availability in developed areas
for infrastructure of ITS.
 Low literacy rate.
 Non-availability of traffic
professionals.
 Vehicle technology and maintenance
problem.
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Loop technology is in use at the major
intersections of Lahore, such as
 Defence
 Mall Road
 Jail Road
By using loops intersection capacity utilization is in
operation.
Cameras are in use at Shami Road for data
collection.
 VMS being in use at different locations.
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A pilot project of ITS on Ferozepur Road is
proposed which include
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Incident management
Traffic flow improvements
Coordination of traffic signals
Enroute and inroute driver information.
CCTV
Control Center
Radio, TV and SMS to inform drivers.
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