Transcript Cells - Cloudfront.net

Cells
Chapter 7
Page 168 - 197
Cell Theory
Types of Cells
Organelles
Cell Theory
•
•
•
•
•
Cells are the basic units of life
All living things have cells
All cells come from preexisting cells
Cells hold genetic information – DNA
Cells have a membrane that encloses and
protects it from its surroundings
• Cells divide and produce more cells through
mitosis
Types of Cells
• Prokaryote – has no nucleus or organelles
- usually unicellular (1 cell)
- bacteria & viruses
• Eukaryote – has a nucleus and organelles
- usually multicellular (↑ 1 cell)
- plants & animals
• Both have a cell membrane & cytoplasm
PROKARYOTE & EUKARYOTE
Section 7-1
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles
Go to
Section:
Cell Venn Diagram
Section 7-2
use organelles to show the differences
& similarities of the two categories.
(page 175)
Animal Cells
Go to
Section:
Plant Cells
Venn Diagrams
Section 7-2
Animal Cells
Lysosomes
centrioles
Go to
Section:
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
Section 7-1 Quiz
1. Name 4 of the 6 points in the Cell Theory.
2. State the differences & similarities between
prokaryotes & eukaryotes
3. Name the structures that are only found in the
plant cell.
4. Name the structures that are only found in
animal cells.
Cells- The Building Blocks of Life
1.
How many cells are estimated in make up the human
body?
2. How many different types of cells are in the body?
3. Red blood cells carry ________ through the body.
4. White blood cells fight __________.
5. __________ are specialized structures inside eukaryotic
cells
6. DNA is found in the ___________.
7. ____ is the “blueprint” of cells
8. Ribosome's make ____________.
9. Mitochondria create ________ for the cell.
10. Plants have ____________ that contain a green pigment.
11. The __________ is where water is stored in plant cells.
Cells – Basic Unit of Life Film – quiz 3/14/07
• 1. How many cells are estimated in make up the
human body?
• 2. How many different types of cells are in the body?
• 3. __________ are specialized structures inside
eukaryotic cells
• 4. DNA is found in the ___________.
• 5. ____ is the “blueprint” of cells
• 6. Mitochondria create ________ for the cell.
• 7. Plants have ____________ that contain a green
pigment.
• 8. The __________ is where water is stored in plant
cells.
Section 7-1 review questions – class work 7/2/07
1. What is the structure that makes up every living thing?
2. What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek the first to see in the 1600s?
3. What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he
observed it through a microscope?
4. What did the German botanist Matthias Schleiden conclude?
5. What did the German scientist Theodor Schwann conclude?
6. How did Rudolph Virchow summarize his years of work?
7. What are the three concepts that make up the cell theory?
8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about prokaryotes.
a. They grow and reproduce.
b. Many are large, multi-cellular organisms.
c. They are more complex than cells of eukaryotes.
d. They have cell membranes and cytoplasm.
9. What is an organelle?
10. Are all eukaryotes large, multi-cellular organisms?
8. Complete the table about structures that are
common to most cells.
Structure
Cell membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Description
Complete the table about the two categories of
cells.
TWO CATEGORIES OF CELLS
category
description
Organisms whose cells
lack nuclei
Organisms whose cells
contain nuclei
example
Warm up 3/15/07
Division of Labor
A cell is made up of many parts with different functions
that work together. Similarly, the parts of a computer
work together to carry out different functions.
Answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the different parts of a computer?
What are the functions of these computer parts?
2. How do the functions of these computer parts
correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?
Plant Cell
Section 7-2
Vacuole
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Cell
Membrane
Ribosome
(attached)
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrian
Go to
Section:
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Section 7-2
nucleolus
nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Rough
ER
Ribosome
(fixed)
Ribosome
(free)
Cell
membrane
mitochondria
Smooth
ER
Golgi
Complex
Go to
Section:
Animal Cell
centriole
Organelle
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Chromosome
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Golgi complex
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Centriole
Cytoskeleton
Lysosome
Chloroplast
vacuole
Description
Function
Magic of Cells Quiz
1. What are the 3 basic characteristics of life displayed
by all cells?
2. Prokaryotes are primarily of what type of organism?
3. How many cells are in the human body?
4. What are the 3 divisions found within the eukaryotic
cell?
5. Define semipermeable.
6. What does organelle mean?
7. What is a vesicle?
8. What is the function of DNA within the nucleus?
9. What are the 3 organelles found only in plant cells?
10. What is the difference between cilia & flagella?
Key for Organelles
• = what the organelles are made of
1. = functions of the organelles
Cell Membrane
•
Thin flexible barrier made of a lipid bilayer
that surrounds cells
• Lipid bilayer – 2 layers of lipids with proteins
embedded in it with CHO chains attached
1. Regulates what comes in & out of cell
2. Protection
3. support
Cell Wall
• Rigid layer outside of cell membrane
• Made of carbohydrates & protein
• Found only in plant cells
1. Provides support & protection to the cell
Nucleus
•
•
1.
2.
Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope
Contains DNA
Controls all cell activities
DNA made here
Nucleolus
• Small dense region inside the nucleus
1. Makes ribosomes
Chromatin
• Granular material that consists of DNA
• Found in the nucleus
1. Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell
divides
Chromosome
•
Thread like structures that contain genetic
information
1. Passes genetic information from one
generation to the next
2. Units of heredity
Cytoplasm
• Jellylike substance outside of nucleus but
enclosed by the cell membrane
• Where all organelles are found
1. Gives cell its shape
Ribosome
• Small particles of RNA & protein
• Found throughout the cytoplasm
• 2 types – free & attached
1. Makes proteins
Mitochondria
•
Peanut shaped organelle enclosed by 2
membranes (inner & outer)
• Only inherited from your mom!
1. Converts the chemical energy stored in food into
compounds that the cell can use for energy
2. “powerhouse” “energy maker”
Golgi Complex
• Stacks of membranes closely packed together
1. modify, sort, & package proteins & other
materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
for storage in the cell or for secretion out of the
cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth (ER)
•
•
1.
2.
Internal membrane system without ribosomes
Contains enzymes
Makes lipids
Transports materials inside cell
Smooth ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough (ER)
• Internal membrane system with ribosome's attached
• Surrounds the nucleus
1. Synthesis of proteins from ribosomes
Centrioles
• Located near the nucleus
• Made of microtubules
1. Helps with cell division
Cytoskeleton
•
•
1.
2.
3.
Network of protein filaments
Made of microfilaments & microtubules
Help support cell
Maintains its shape
Helps materials move within the cell
Lysosome
• Small organelle filled with enzymes
• Found only in animal cell
1. Eats or breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, &
proteins
2. Removes junk from cell
3. Breakdown old organelles
Chloroplast
• Large stacks of membranes
• Found only in plant cells
1. Capture energy from sunlight & converts it into
chemical energy - Photosynthesis
Vacuole
• Storage saclike structures
• Found only in plant cells
1. Stores water, food, salts, Carbohydrates, proteins
& wastes
Contractile vacuole
• Specialized vacuole
1. Pumps excess water out of cells
2. Helps maintain homeostasis
Warm Up “In or Out?”
Section 7-3
• How is a window screen similar to a cell membrane? Read on
to find out.
• 1. What are some things that can pass through a window
screen?
• 2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window
screen? Why is it important to keep these things from moving
through the screen?
• 3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which
regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Why is it important
to regulate what moves into and out of a cell?
Go to
Section:
Answers to Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
- air
- dust
- water
- bugs
- cats
- dogs
- to make sure only the needed materials come in like CHO,
lipids, water & minerals
- to make sure the right things go out. Like wastes, and
materials made in the cell that are needed in the rest of the
body
- to make sure homeostasis is kept stable inside the cell
Section 7-3
CELL MEMBRANE
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Proteins – embedded in lipid bilayer
- form channels & pumps that help move materials in & out
of the cell
- have Carbohydrates attached to them
Go to
Section:
- CHO act as chemical identification cards, so cells can
communicate with eachother
Figure 7-17 Osmosis
Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane
Section 7-3
Higher Concentration
of Water
Water molecules
Water moves from higher
concentration to lower
concentration
Water will tend to move across a
membrane until EQUILIBRIUM is
reached.
Cell membrane
ISOTONIC = “same strength”
- SAME CONCENTRATION
HYPERTONIC = “above strength”
Sugar molecules
Lower Concentration
of Water
Go to
Section:
- MORE CONCENTRATION
HYPOTONIC = “below strength”
- LESS CONCENTRATION
Figureparticles
7-17 Osmosis
DIFFUSION – when
tend to move from an
7-3
areaSection
of higher
concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
When the concentration is the same on both sides of
the membrane – EQUILIBRIUM is reached
Higher Concentration
of solute
DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
solute
Cell membrane
Even when EQUILIBRIUM is
reached, particles will
continue to move across the
membrane in both direction
Is no further change to the
CONCENTRATION
Go to
Section:
Lower Concentration
of solute
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• Some molecules can not freely
pass through the cell
membrane
• PROTEINS in membrane
will help or “FACILITATE”
the movement of these
molecules
• Proteins act like
CHANNELS OR
“TUNNELS” so the
molecules can pass in and
out of cell
• Even though it is fast &
specific,
• IT IS STILL DIFFUSION
• SO IT DOES NOT
REQUIRE ENERGY
Figure7-20 Active Transport
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Section 7-3
Molecule to
be carried
Low
Concentration
When particles move from a
lesser concentration to a higher
concentration
Cell
Membrane
OPPOSITE of DIFFUSION
High
Concentration
Molecule
being carried
Low
Concentration
Cell
Membrane
High
Concentration
Go to
Energy
Section:
Energy
REQUIRES ENERGY
Carried out by transport protein
or “pumps” that are in the
membrane
Classwork 11/8
Answer the following questions on a separate piece
of paper. This is due at the end of the period.
1. Describe the functions of the cell membrane & the
cell wall.
2. What happens during diffusion? Draw a picture to
show the process.
3. Describe how water moves during osmosis. Draw a
picture to show the process.
4. Name the basic structures of a cell membrane.
Draw a picture to illustrate it.
5. What is the main way that active transport is
different from diffusion?
Quiz on section 7-3
1.Name the 3 substances that make up a cell
membrane
2.List 2 characteristics of diffusion
3.List 2 characteristics of osmosis
4.List 2 characteristics of facilitated diffusion
5.Compare and contrast diffusion and active
transport
Organelle Quiz 3-28-07
1. In addition to a cell membrane, plant cells also
have a __________ that serves to provide strength
& support to the cell.
2. The cell structure that prepares & packages
proteins either for use within the cell or for
shipment out of the cell is the _____________.
3. The _______ is the semiliquid portion of the cell
in which the cell parts are located.
4. The “powerhouse” of the cell is the __________.
5. The ________ is referred to as the headquarters
of cell operations.