Introduction to Machine Learning
Download
Report
Transcript Introduction to Machine Learning
Lecture Slides for
ETHEM ALPAYDIN
© The MIT Press, 2010
[email protected]
http://www.cmpe.boun.edu.tr/~ethem/i2ml2e
Why “Learn” ?
Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a
performance criterion using example data or past experience.
There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
Learning is used when:
Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars),
Humans are unable to explain their expertise (speech recognition)
Solution changes in time (routing on a computer network)
Solution needs to be adapted to particular cases (user biometrics(生物
統計學))
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
3
What We Talk About When We
Talk About “Learning”
Learning general models from a data of particular examples
Data is cheap and abundant; knowledge is expensive and
scarce (不足).
Example in retail (零售):
Customer transactions(交易) to consumer behavior:
People who bought “X” also bought “Y”
Build a model that is a good and useful approximation to the
data.
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
4
What is Machine Learning?
Optimize a performance criterion using example data or past
experience.
Role of Statistics:
Inference from a sample
Role of Computer science:
Efficient algorithms to
Solve the optimization problem
Representing and evaluating the model for inference
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
5
Applications
Association(聯想)
Auto-association
Hetero-association
Supervised Learning(監督式學習)
Classification (Recognition)
Regression
Unsupervised Learning(非監督式學習)
Clustering (Grouping)
Reinforcement Learning
…
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
6
Learning Associations
Basket analysis
To find associations between products bought by customers
Learning a conditional probability
P (Y | X )
probability that somebody who buys X also buys Y
where X and Y are products/services.
Example
P ( chips | beer ) = 0.7
70 percent of customers who buy beer also buy chips.
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
7
Classification
Example:
Credit scoring
Differentiating between low-
risk and high-risk customers
from their income and savings
Discriminant: IF income > θ1 AND savings > θ2
THEN low-risk ELSE high-risk
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
8
Classification: Applications
Pattern recognition
Character recognition: Different handwriting styles.
Face recognition: Pose, lighting, occlusion, make-up, hair
style
Speech recognition: Temporal dependency.
Use of a dictionary or the syntax of the language.
Sensor fusion: Combine multiple modalities; eg, visual (lip image)
and acoustic(聽覺的) for speech
Medical diagnosis: From symptoms(症狀) to illnesses
...
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
9
Face Recognition
Training examples of a person
Test images
AT&T Laboratories, Cambridge UK
http://www.uk.research.att.com/facedatabase.html
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
10
Regression
Example:
Price of a used car
y = g (x | θ )
y : price
x : car attributes
e.g. milage (英里數)
g ( ): model
θ: parameters
e.g. age(年份)
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
y = wx+w0
11
Regression: Applications
Navigating a car
Angle of the steering wheel (CMU NavLab)
Kinematics (運動學) of a robot arm
(x,y)
α2
α1= g1(x,y)
α2= g2(x,y)
α1
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
12
Supervised Learning: Uses
Prediction of future cases:
Use the rule to predict the output for future inputs
Knowledge extraction:
The rule is easy to understand
Compression:
The rule is simpler than the data it explains
Outlier detection:
Exceptions that are not covered by the rule
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
13
Unsupervised Learning
Learning “what normally happens”
The aim is to find the regularities in the input.
Density estimation: we want to see what generally happens and what
does not.
Clustering:
Grouping similar instances
Example applications
Customer segmentation in CRM (customer relationship management)
Image compression: Color quantization
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
14
Reinforcement Learning
Learning a policy: A sequence of outputs
The output of the system is a sequence of actions.
An action is good if it is part of a good policy.
No supervised output but delayed reward
Examples:
Game playing
Robot in a maze
Partial observability ...
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
15
Exercise
What is learning?
What is supervised learning? Unsupervised learning?
Reinforcement learning?
Explain them and give an example of each type of learning.
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
16
Resources: Journals
Journal of Machine Learning Research (www.jmlr.org)
Machine Learning
Neural Computation
Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Annals of Statistics
Journal of the American Statistical Association
...
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
17
Resources: Conferences
International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)
European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML)
Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)
Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI)
Computational Learning Theory (COLT)
International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)
International Conference on Neural Networks (Europe)
...
Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
18