Transcript What is your definition of AI?

• About this course
• How do you take this course?
• What is AI?
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Objectives of this course
This course is aimed at increasing the study motivation of students in
AI field, making students understand what the field of AI is, what its
history is, and what roles AI plays in our human life and society, and
understand basic principles and techniques.
Upon successful completion of this course, the student should
be able to
(1) understand basic ideas of AI,
(2) master some of the essential techniques of AI,
(3) be interested in AI and its applications in the real world.
syllabus
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Each Lecture (スケジュール)
授業の流れ
get ready
lecturing
quizzes or comments (感想文)
評価方法
•
Attendance, work in classroom, exercise at home: 40%
(2/3 出席が必要です)
•
Final Exam: 60%
お願い
1.
Come to lecture in time （遅れないように）.
2.
Do not talk when I am lecturing (授業中、喋ないように).
3.
Bring a A4 paper, which for answering quizzes or writing comments
(A4 紙を持って来て、わすれないように)
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Text books
[1] “Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach”,
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall,
ISBN 0-13- 103805-2 (English version).
[2] “エージェントアプロ－チ人工知能”,
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig 著, 古川康一監訳、
共立出版, ISBN 4-320-02878-3 (Japanese version).
References
[1] Javaによる知能プログラミング入門 [単行本]
新谷 虎松 (著) , 出版社: コロナ社.
[2] “Constructing Intelligent Agents with Java”,
Joseph P. Bigus and Jennifer Bigus,
Wiley Computer Publishing.
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Suggested ways of study
1.
Pre-study (予習)
Read lecture notes.
http://cis.k.hosei.ac.jp/~rhuang/Miccl/hehome/index.html
Read textbook. “エージェントアプロ－チ人工知能”
The chapters related to the following topics:
• Searching algorithms (探索アルゴリズム)
• Game algorithms (ゲームアルゴリズム)
• Knowledge representation and logic language (知識表現
と論理言語)
• Logic based Inferences (推理方法)
• Rule based Inferences (前向き推理と後ろ向き推理)
2. Look at dictionary
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What is AI (Artificial Intelligence, 人工知能)?
• Understand
The field AI attempts to understand intelligent entities.
• Apply
The study of AI is for applying constructed intelligent entities
to computers or machines.
• Impact
Computers with human-level intelligence would have a huge
impact on our everyday life.
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• Definition of AI
“The exciting new effort to make
computers think … machine with
minds, … ” (Haugeland, 1985)
“The study of mental faculties
through the use of computational
models” (Charniak and McDermott,
1985)
“Activities that we associated with
human thinking, activities such as
decision-making, problem solving,
learning … “ (Bellman, 1978)
“ The study of the computations
that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act” (Winston, 1992)
“The art of creating machines that
perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by
people” (Kurzweil, 1990)
“A field of study that seeks to
explain and emulate intelligent
behavior in terms of computational
processes” (Schalkoff, 1990)
“The study of how to make
computers do things at which, at
the moment, people are better”
(Rich and Knight, 1991)
“The branch of computer science
that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior”
(Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)
In conclusion, they falls into four categories: Systems that
think like human, act like human, think rationally, or act rationally.
What is your definition of AI?
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AI Foundations?
AI inherited many ideas, viewpoints and techniques from other
disciplines.
To investigate
human mind
Theories of reasoning
and learning
AI
Linguistic
Mathematics
The meaning and
structure of language
CS
Make AI a reality
Theories of logic probability,
decision making and
computation
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• History
- Study of intelligence
For over 2000 years, philosophers have tried to understand how
seeing, learning, remembering, and reasoning could, should be done.
- Appearance of computers
Computer projects were started in 1940s.
* early: chess programs, simulation of 40 neurons，…
* great expectations: “Electronic Super-Brain”, “Faster Than Einstein” , …
- Study of AI
It was formally initiated in 1956.
(Two months workshop by Mc Carthy brought together US researchers
and all agreed on Mc Carthy’s proposed name for this field: AI)
Lisp became the dominant AI programming language.
(proposed by Mc Carthy )
e.g. the Logic Theorist, General Problem Solver, Geometry Theorem Prover
(Mc Carthy’s first complete AI systems).
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Software intelligent agents
Collaborative agents
Smart Agents
Interface Agents
Multi-Agents
Mobile Agents
Hybrid Agents
Information Agents
Heterogeneous Agents
Reactive Agents
……
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Some development environments and tools
• Jade (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework)
http://jade.tilab.com/
-- a multi-agent system platform developed in Java language.
• Jess (Jave Expert System Shell)
http://www.jessrules.com/
-- a rule engine and scripting environment written entirely
in Java language.
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- AI became an industry in 1980s
* Commercial expert system, R1, began operation at Digital Equipment
Corporation in 1982.
* Japan proposed to develop 5th generation computer (intelligent
computer) project (10 years plan) in 1986.
http://www.japanlaw.com/lawletter/july86/ekf.htm
News
Japanese efforts to develop artificial
intelligence the use of computers to
draw inferences and make judgments
-- is gaining momentum as 19 major
companies have recently established
the Artificial Intelligence Joint
Research Society and the Artificial
Intelligence Center.
The 8 participants companies are:
Hitachi, NEC, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Sharp,
Oki Electric, Mitsubishi Electronic
and Matsushita Electric Industrial.
Mitsubishi Electric in May 1986
became the first firm to commercialize
a product developed under the 5th
Generation Computer Project which
aims at developing AI, software
development.
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Robots
Sony says next decade the age of the robot
Asimo in New York as a stockbroker
http://www.honda.co.jp/ASIMO/event/report_08.html
Robots--working for Japan's future?
That is one goal of the Japanese government's $37.7 million
Humanoid Robotics Project (HRP), which aims to market within a
few years robots that can operate power shovels, assist
construction workers and care for the elderly. In the process, a
new multibillion-dollar Japanese industry could be born.
Robot competitions/exhibitions around the world
K'NEX K-bot World Championships
"ROBODEX2002“, Pacifico Yokohama Exhibition Hall,
1-1-1, Minatomorai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan
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Autonomous Vehicle Driving from Italy to China
Erico Guizzo, 9月 21, 2010
http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/robotics-software/autonomous-vehicle-driving-from-italy-to-china
New Device Lets Plant Talk
- Smart sensors let crops text-message growers for more water
By Willie Jones / May 2009
http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/gadgets/new-device-lets-plants-talk
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Ｑｕｉｚ：
Ｗｈy and how a car can drive without a
driver?
 Why and how a plant can ask for more
water?

(read the two articles and give me the answer to one of the above
questions in Japanese)
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