Transcript Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence

Multimedia and Artificial
Intelligence
Chapter 12 – Computers:
Understanding Technology
(Second edition)
Multimedia And Digitizing
• Multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of
communication in a single interface
• Web pages are multimedia since they are
capable of combining text, images, sound, and
video
• Digitizing is the process of taken analog data
and turning it into a digital data file
• Digital data can be reproduced repeatedly with
no degradation of quality
Digitizing Graphics
• Bitmap, or raster image-based, graphics
programs (painting)
• Object, or vector-based, graphics
programs (drawing)
• Early painting programs produced a
jagged or pixelated look along slopes or
curves whereas early vector-based
programs had difficulty producing freeform, irregular shapes
Resolution of the Pixelation
Problem in Raster Graphics
• Raster image processing programs began
to handle images with more dots per inch
• Anti-aliasing – pixels along the edge of an
image are lightened or darkened to
produce the effect of a smooth edge
Resolution of the Problem in
Vector-Graphics Programs
• Bezier curves introduced in drawing
programs
• Bezier curves is a straight line or curve
that is described by its tangents (definition
of tangent in text as the line perpendicular
to and bisecting the line is incorrect)
Graphic File Formats
• Graphics programs enable users to save files in
a native format – this is specific to the
application – as well as to export into standard
file format
• Bitmap Graphic Files (.bmp) – no compression
and hence rarely used on the web
• .gif and .jpg files are the most commonly used
image files on the internet; both use
compression
Digitizing Sound
• Sounds are digitized by sampling the pitch and
volume of a sound thousands of times a second
• .wav – voice often sampled at 11KHz whereas
music at 44KHz – 16 bits for each measurement
• .midi – Digitally simulating musical instruments –
all it needs to know are the notes to play
• .mp3 – reduces the size of a wave file by about
90%
Digitizing Video
• Movies – 20 still images per second
• .mpg is the movie equivalent of the MP#
format – MPEG2
• .mov is an Apple format whereas .avi is a
Windows format
• Flash format is commonly used to display
moving images on the web
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Artificial intelligence – computer applications that
perform functions which if a human did them
would be regarded as intelligent behavior
• Examples – thinking, talking, seeing, feeling,
walking, and learning from mistakes
• Modern AI systems focus on specialized human
functions, often with the goal of augmenting
humans rather than replacing them
AI Applications
• Cognitive Science
– Intelligent agents to assist human users
– Expert system (embodies human expertise in
a given field)
– Data mining
– Genetic algorithms – Darwinian survival of the
fittest - solutions that survive are taken to the
next step
– Fuzzy logic
– Neural Networks
AI Applications (cont.)
• Natural Interface Applications
– Speech recognition
– Natural language
– Virtual reality – creating a realistic world within
computer
– Mental interfaces – using sensors to read
brain waves
AI Applications (cont.)
• Robotics
– Visual perception – e.g. facial-recognition
technology
– Audio perception
– Tactile perception
– Locomotion
– Navigation