Transcript What is AI?
Intelligent Systems 主講人：虞台文 Content What is AI? Is a Machine Intelligent? History of AI Intelligent Systems What is AI? What is AI? There is no agreed definition of the term artificial intelligence. However, there are various definitions that have been proposed. Some will be considered below. What is AI? American Association for Artificial Intelligence The scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. What is AI? American Association for Artificial Intelligence The scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. What is AI? AI is a study in which computer systems are made that think like human beings. Haugeland, 1985 & Bellman, 1978. AI is a study in which computer systems are made that act like people. AI is the art of creating computers that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people. Kurzweil, 1990. AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment people are better at. Rich & Knight, 1991 AI is a study in which computers that rationally think are made. Charniac & McDermott, 1985. AI is the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act. Winston, 1992. AI is the study in which systems that rationally act are made. AI is considered to be a study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour in terms of computational processes. Schalkeoff, 1990. AI is considered to be a branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. Luger & Stubblefield, 1993. What is AI? The exciting new effort to make computers thinks … machine with minds, in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland 1985) “The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models” (Charniak et al. 1985) “The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990) A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkol, 1990) What is AI? The exciting new effort to make computers thinks … Systems with that think like machine minds, inhumans the full and literal sense” (Haugeland 1985) “The study of mental faculties through the use of Systems that models” think rationally computational (Charniak et al. 1985) “The art of creating machines that perform Systems that like humans functions thatact require intelligence when performed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990) A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate Systems behavior that act rationally intelligent in terms of computational processes” (Schalkol, 1990) Intelligent Systems Is a Machine Intelligent? Weak and Strong AI Weak AI – Computers can be programmed to act as if they were intelligent (as if they were thinking) Strong AI – Computers can be programmed to think (i.e. they really are thinking) Turing Test How can we evaluate intelligence? – Turing [1950] a machine can be deemed intelligent when its responses to interrogation by a human are indistinguishable from those of a human being. Interrogator Turing Test Turing thought that any machine which passes the test should be considered intelligent, or more precisely, should be considered to 'think'. Interrogator Turing Test Turing thought that any machine which passes the test should be considered intelligent, or more precisely, should be considered to 'think'. Interrogator Turing Test Turing Test Chinese Room Argument Devised by John Searle An argument against the possibility of true artificial intelligence. Chinese Room Argument Chinese Room Argument Computer Programs are formal (syntactic) Human minds have mental contents (semantics) Chinese Room Argument “The reason that no computer program can ever be a mind is simply that a computer program is only syntactical, and minds are more than syntactical. Minds are semantical, they have content.” - John Searle Intelligent Systems History of AI History of AI 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain 1950 Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers (draughts) program Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry Engine 1956 Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted 1966–74 AI discovers computational complexity, Neural network research almost disappears 1969–79 Early development of knowledge-based systems 1980–88 Expert systems industry booms 1988–93 Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter” 1985–95 Neural networks return to popularity 1988– Resurgence of probabilistic and decision-theoretic methods Rapid increase in technical depth of mainstream AI, “Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computing History of AI