Transcript Computers: Understanding Technology, 3e

Chapter 13
Multimedia and
Artificial Intelligence
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Presentation Overview
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The Use of Multimedia
Creating Digital Media
Creating Multimedia
Artificial Intelligence
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The Use of Multimedia
Multimedia Web Pages
– Flash and Shockwave are leading sources of Web
movies and games
– Shockwave – more intensive format, requiring more
time to download larger 3-D movies
– Flash – faster and commonly used for cartoonlike
imagery
– both provide fast, easily created movies that transmit
over Internet as part of a Web page
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The Use of Multimedia
Educational Tools
– schools and colleges use online courses as valuable
teaching medium
– online courses incorporate sound, images, and videos
within a text framework
– multimedia tutorials are helpful for special education
students because materials are presented in various
forms
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The Use of Multimedia
Computer Games
– about 50 percent of Americans play computer games
on a regular basis
– game consoles rival personal computers for power
and are priced under $300
– online games involve thousands of players and
enable them to chat, have adventures, and interact in
worlds that exist only inside a computer
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The Use of Multimedia
Computer Games
– multimedia PCs are most costly and high-powered
computers on consumer market
– running a game makes a computer work harder than
any other task because it requires fast 3-D video,
sound, and networking–often all at once
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The Use of Multimedia
Online Gaming Terminology
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The Use of Multimedia
Online Gaming Terminology (continued)
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Creating Digital Media
– Digitizing – reducing a picture, sound, text, or movie
to a series of on-off settings that can be stored on a
computer.
– Digital media – an advantage over analog data
because it can be reproduced an infinite number of
times with no degradation of quality.
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Creating Digital Media
Painting and Drawing Programs
– Bitmap-based (paint) graphics programs provide
tools that users can use to create and edit drawings by
changing pixels from white to black or color.
– Vector-based (draw) graphics programs provide
tools that users can use to create, edit, and combine
mathematically defined geometric shapes.
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Creating Digital Media
Some Standard Graphics File Formats
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Creating Digital Media
Graphics File Formats
– Native format – format that is specific to the
application in which it is made
– Exporting – saving graphic in a standard file format
– Importing – placing a graphic from a standard file
format into another document or file
– Data compression – conversion program can
compress a bitmap image into another file format that
looks almost as good and requires less file space
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Creating Digital Media
Shown here are a compressed bitmap file and an uncompressed
bitmap file of the same image
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Creating Digital Media
Vector Graphics
– stored as a series of codes representing different
shapes, each with a color, size, and starting position
– cannot reproduce a detailed image such as a face
– wireframe diagram can use three-dimensional
techniques to create, using vector graphics, a
wireframe that can be stretched and rotated as
desired; bitmaps are drawn on top of the wireframe to
create a three-dimensional effect
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Creating Digital Media
Clip Art Images
– icon-like images that are sizable and can be inserted
into the text of a report or Web pages to liven up the
screen
– somewhat generic, tending to feature items such as
images of spinning globes, stop signs, or stylized
computers
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Creating Digital Media
Raster Image Editing
– Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo House can edit
digitized photographs
– digitized photographs are stored as raster images, or a
collection of pixels
– most common file format used for digitized photos is
the Tag Image File Format (TIFF or TIF)
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Creating Digital Media
3-D Modeling Programs
– create what appears to be three-dimensional objects
on a two-dimensional surface
– requires combined talents of an artist and an
advanced computer user
– requires enormous computing power
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Creating Digital Media
Computer Animation
– computer graphic special effects (CG FX) allow
users to draw computer animated graphics
– far cheaper to create computer animated graphics than
use traditional techniques
– animated graphics are easily manipulated so that any
image can be redrawn until it is just right
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Creating Digital Media
The sound of someone singing is captured by sampling the sound and then
storing the measurements in binary format for use by the computer.
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Creating Digital Media
Wave Files
– records any kind of sound by storing masses of binary
numbers and measuring exactly how much voltage to
send out to the speakers each fraction of a second in
order to reproduce the sound
– a human voice sounds very real at a sampling rate of
11 KHz
– clear, sharp musical reproductions are recorded at
44 KHz
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Creating Digital Media
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
– digitally simulates musical instruments
– MIDI file only needs to know which notes to play on
each instrument to reproduce music
– used to create background music for games
– MIDI files reproduce rather poorly on PCs
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Creating Digital Media
MP3 Sound Compression Technique
– takes a wave file and reduces it by 90%, leaving
behind a high-quality reproduction
– uses a data compression system that works in a
similar fashion to JPEG or GIF formats
– possible for a device the size of a credit card to hold
an entire library of music
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Creating Digital Media
Digital Movies
– significantly enhance the movie-viewing experience
through their high-quality sound and pictures
– do not degrade with each showing and therefore do
not skip, buzz, or flicker
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Creating Digital Media
Movie Compression Techniques
– MPEG file format – movie equivalent of the MP3
music format
– MPEG2 file format – high-quality format DVD
players use
– MOV file format – apple format
– AVI file format – older Windows format
– Flash – moving images for Web pages
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Creating Digital Media
Digital Cable
– offers wide selection of stations, typically several
hundred, with the capability of expanding to 2,000
stations
– provides clearer picture but takes longer to come into
focus
– provides easily accessible information buttons and
scheduling data
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Creating Digital Media
Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
– operates as a digital TV cable box and can also
perform the job of HD TV support
– records TV on a hard drive inside the box
– is able to pause and rewind live TV for later viewing
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Creating Digital Media
High-Definition TV
– has more lines and more pixels—thus, higher
resolution
– offers sharper picture quality
– requires stations to buy expensive new hardware
– increased bandwidth forces some TV cable networks
to remove channels from their list
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Creating Multimedia
Steps in Creating Multimedia
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plan the work
create the elements to be included in the work
combine the elements to create the work
write the work to a portable storage medium such as a
CD-ROM, or post the work on the Web
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Creating Multimedia
Sequential Page-Based Multimedia
– sequence of pages or slides appearing one after the
other and incorporating elements such as text, sound,
graphics, and video
– material is presented in a fixed order
– appropriate for sales presentations, lectures, or stepby-step descriptions of how to accomplish a task
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Creating Multimedia
Hypertext Page-Based Multimedia
– set of pages containing links that can be followed at
will
– user can move from page to page or click on links to
graphics, text, sound, or video files
– author prepares a tree diagram showing links
between pages
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Creating Multimedia
This tree diagram shows links between pages in a simple
multimedia presentation.
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Creating Multimedia
Movie-Based Multimedia
– work can be a movie or series of movies that stop
from time to time, enabling users to follow links
– a storyboard is prepared to plan sequential pagebased multimedia or movie-based multimedia
– storyboards consist of sketches of the pages or frames
as they will appear in the final work
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Creating Multimedia
Creating the Content of the Work
– text prepared using a word processing program
– graphics created in painting, drawing, or 3-D
modeling programs, or taken from clip art or stock
sources
– images produced by traditional means or scanned and
edited in a graphics program
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Creating Multimedia
Hardware/Software for Creating Multimedia
– sound digitizing card enables computer to capture and
process digitized sounds
– programs such as SoundEdit and Deck capture and
edit sounds
– video digitizing card captures and digitizes video
images and sound
– programs such as VideoVision and Adobe Premier
capture and edit images
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Creating Multimedia
Combining the Elements
– simplest works are documents that move from page to
page invoking multimedia elements placed on the
pages
– more complex works use PDF files incorporating
pages created in other programs such as graphics,
presentation, or page layout programs
– most complex works save elements as single tracks
that are combined and synchronized into a single file
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Artificial Intelligence
The goal of artificial intelligence (AI) is to develop
computers that can perform functions normally reserved
for humans: thinking, talking, seeing, feeling, walking,
and learning from their mistakes.
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Artificial Intelligence
AI Technology Trends
– moving toward limited, focused applications
– goal of AI has shifted to augmenting human
capabilities rather than supplanting them
– three primary areas of artificial intelligence
applications are cognitive science, natural interfaces,
and robotics
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Artificial
Intelligence
Three primary areas of
artificial intelligence
applications are
cognitive science,
natural interfaces, and
robotics.
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Artificial Intelligence
Cognitive Science Application
– the study and simulation of the human mind
– based on biology, neurology, psychology, and other
disciplines
– focuses on researching how the human brain thinks
and learns
– types of applications are intelligent agents, experts
systems, data mining, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic,
and neural networks
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Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agent
– provides an intuitive assistant (agent) that can utilize
knowledge based on past experience and predictions
of likely future behavior
– agents goal is to reduce difficult tasks down to a few
simple mouse clicks that can be completed quickly
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Artificial Intelligence
Expert System
– embodies human expertise in a particular field
– works by questioning the user and then drawing a
conclusion from the information provided
– a knowledge engineer specializes in building
knowledge bases of rules the computer can prove or
disprove
– an inference engine asks the questions and draws the
conclusions
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Artificial Intelligence
Data Mining
– finds new ways to use masses of data stored in
databases of large corporations
– sorts existing data to provide more carefully targeted
marketing and pricing of products
– able to determine with good accuracy whether a new
offering will succeed or fail
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Artificial Intelligence
Genetic Algorithms
– applies a Darwinian (survival of the fittest) method to
problem solving
– uses a computer to create thousands or millions of
slightly varied designs and then tests and selects the
best of them
– chooses most successful designs for new mutations,
producing crossovers by mixing together traits of the
survivors
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Artificial Intelligence
Fuzzy Logic System
– attempts to model human reasoning by allowing for
approximations and incomplete input data
– allows users to input “fuzzy” data
– works more naturally with the user by piecing
together an answer similar to what a traditional expert
system uses
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Artificial Intelligence
Comparison of traditional SQL query and
equivalent fuzzy logic query
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Artificial Intelligence
Neural Network
– simulates the physical workings of the human mind
– generally starts off with only an input source, some
form of output, and a goal
– learns by trial and error how a desired output affects
the input
– the “gain” controls the change rate of the firing
threshold of the neurons which, in turn, controls how
fast a system will learn or unlearn something
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Artificial Intelligence
Natural Interface Applications
– Speech recognition – computer can take dictation and
perform requested actions
– Natural language interfaces – goal is a machine that
can read a set of news articles on any topic and
understand what it has read
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Artificial Intelligence
Natural Interface Applications
– Virtual reality – characterized in terms of its
immersiveness, which measures how real the simulated
world feels and how well it can make users accept it as
their own
– Mental interfaces – uses sensors mounted around the
skull to read alpha brain waves; measures brain activity
and interprets it as a command
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Artificial Intelligence
Robots as Androids
– Robots – machines capable of independent movement
– Androids – simulated humans
– Visual perception – computer security programs exist
that recognize an individual human thumbprint or face
– Audio perception – identifying a single voice and
interpreting what is being said amid background noise
is a goal of programmers
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Artificial Intelligence
Robots as Androids
– Tactile perception – robot must be able to feel an
object AND must be able to sense how much pressure
to apply to that object; must be dexterous enough to
perform small actions such as placing a chip at a
precise spot in a circuit board
– Locomotion – most mobile robots use wheels or
treads which limit mobility but make them easier to
control
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Artificial Intelligence
Robots as Androids
– Navigation – robot can plot a course to a location
using an internal “map” built up by a navigational
perception system
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On the Horizon
Based on the information presented in this
chapter and your own experience, what do
you think is on the horizon?
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