Introduction to Cognitive Science
Download
Report
Transcript Introduction to Cognitive Science
Introduction to
Cognitive Science
Lecture #1 :
INTRODUCTION
Joe Lau
Philosophy
HKU
What is Cognitive
Science?
An interdisciplinary science of mind and
behavior.
It is a science
It studies mind and behavior
It is interdisciplinary
Cognitive science theories and explanations
often invoke computations and
representations.
Mental Phenomena
From the mundane ...
To the abnormal and the bizarre
Perception, language, reasoning, action, ...
Cognitive impairments ( e.g. autism,
prosopagnosia, Cotard delusion, … )
and non-human species
Animal cognition
Find your child ...
Cape Cross, Namibia
Why computation?
Assumption #1 :
Assumption #2 :
Mental processes involve complex information
processing.
Complex information processing requires
computations.
Conclusion :
Computations are necessary for explaining
mental processes.
What is computation?
Computation is (roughly) a rulegoverned process which manipulates
representations.
We have strong evidence that the brain is
capable of carrying out massively parallel
computations.
Mental representations
MR = objects or states in the brain
which encode information.
Don’t confuse :
TREE
Mundane reminder
“Tree” is a word, a representation.
It is a representation of a tree, a living
thing, not a representation of “tree”.
TREE
represents
Role of mental representations
Information has to be physically encoded so
that they can be manipulated.
Memory / knowledge : storing representations
Thinking : causal sequence of representations
Two examples
Visual Perception
Topographical
representation of
visual stimulus in
area V1
Syntactic Disambiguation
“We shall discuss violence on TV.”
Two interpretations :
VP
VP
V
NP
PP
discuss
N
P
NP
violence
on
NP
V
TV
discuss
N
violence P
on
PP
NP
TV
Three Levels of Description
Three (kinds of) levels in describing a
computational system :
Task : what the system is capable of
doing (capacities)
Algorithm (software) : which
computation procedures are used
Implementation (hardware) : how the
computations are implemented
Why Cogsci is Interdisciplinary
Horizontal and vertical diversity in
mental capacities :
The mind can carry out lots of different
tasks in different areas.
Each of these capacities can be studied at
different levels.
Cogsci and psychology
Relevance of cogsci
Scientific understanding
Education
Psychiatry
IT, AI
Design of computer interface
Voice recognition, data mining
Cybernetics
Necessity and Sufficiency
Computations might be a necessary part of
most if not all explanations of mental
processes.
But computations themselves might not be
sufficient (enough) to explain all mental
processes.
Maybe some special features of the mind are due
to neuro-physiological properties.
Sleep? Hormonal effects?
Possibility of AI
AI = artificial intelligence
Computations might still be sufficient
for mentality even if some aspects of
the human mind can only be explained
neuro-physiologically.
Three Problems
Philosophers’ three major concerns :
Intentionality
Consciousness
Freewill
Intentionality
Intentionality = aboutness, meaning,
content
Language, knowledge, reasoning, beliefs,
perception
The belief that 2>1 is a belief about
numbers.
To be explained in terms of mental
representations.
Phenomenal Consciousness
Feelings, sensations, experience
Some mental states are both conscious
and intentional
e.g. conscious thinking
Freewill
What is freewill?
(A) Capable of making decisions + (B) ???
Presumably (A) can be explained
computationally.
What more is required?
Can computers do X?
“Computers cannot have emotions /
creativity / understanding / humour …”
To decide whether computers can have
a mental state X, we need to :
Identify the conditions required for having
X.
Decide which of the conditions are easy /
difficult to be satisfied, and how.
Can computers be creative?
What are the preconditions for
creativity?
Generating ideas and hypotheses
Selecting and modifying the useful ones.
Both cognitive / intentional processes
No in-principle obstacles?