Transcript Types_of_Computer_Based_Information_Systems

Types of Computer Based
Information Systems
Six Basic types of systems
• Transaction processing systems (TPS) at the operational
level,
• Office automation systems (OAS) at the knowledge
level
• Knowledge work systems (KWS) at the knowledge level,
• Management information systems (MIS) ) at the
management level
• Decision support System (DSS) at the management
level
• Executive support systems (ESS)at the strategic level.
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
• The most fundamental computer based
system in an organization pertains to the
processing of business transactions.
Advantages
• Increase labor efficiency
– Paperless Transactions
– Reduce manual data entry (errors)
– Speed up transaction process
– Elimination of redundant steps
• Help provide improved service
• Help build and maintain customer loyalty
• Achieve competitive advantage
Batch vs. Real-time
Batch Processing
• transaction data are
accumulated
• processed periodically
Real-time Processing
• also called online
• immediately processed
• Syncronization issues
TPS Activities
• Data collection
– Should be collected at source
– Should be recorded accurately, in a timely fashion
• Data editing
• Data correction
Features
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Performance
Continuous availability
Data integrity
Ease of use
Modular growth
Backup procedures
• Grandfather-father-son
• Partial backups
Management Information System
• MIS are more concerned with levels of
management with information essential to the
running of smooth business. This Information
must be as relevant, timely, accurate,
complete and concise as is economically
feasible.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• Globalization
• Communication
• Cost effectiveness
• Bridging the cultural gap
• More time
• Creation of new jobs
Disadvantages
• Unemployment
• Privacy
• Lack of job security
• Dominant culture
Decision Support System (DSS)
• Designed to assist decision makers with
unstructured problems
• Decision Support System is a general term for
any computer application that enhances a
person or group’s ability to make decisions
• Decision is made based on the information
available.
DSS characteristics and capabilities
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Solve semi-structured and unstructured problems
Support managers at all levels
Support individuals and groups
Interdependence and sequence of decisions
Support Intelligence, Design, Choice
Adaptable and flexible
Interactive and ease of use
Interactive and efficiency
Human control of the process
Ease of development by end user
Modeling and analysis
Data access
Standalone and web-based integration
Support varieties of decision processes
Support varieties of decision trees
Quick response
Advantages of DSS
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Quick computations at a lower cost
Group collaboration and communication
Increased productivity
Ready access to information stored in multiple
databases and data warehouse
• Ability to analyze multiple alternatives and apply
risk management
• Enterprise resource management
• Tools to obtain and maintain competitive
advantage
Disadvantages of DSS
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Monetary cost
Overemphasize decision making
Assumption of relevance
Transfer of power
Unanticipated effects
Obscuring responsibility
False belief in objectivity
Status reduction
Information overload
Office Automation System (OAS)
THE BASICS OF OFFICE AUTOMATION
• Storage of information,
• Data exchange
• A management.
Advantages of OAS
Backbone of OAS
Expert systems
• Technologies that apply reasoning methodologies in a specific
domain
• Attempts to mimic human experts’ problem solving
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Artificial Intelligence Systems
Artificial Neural Networks (neural computing)
Genetic Algorithms
Fuzzy Logic
Intelligent Agents
“An expert system is a computer system that
emulates, or acts in all respects, with the
decision-making capabilities of a human
expert.”
Professor Edward Feigenbaum
Stanford University
Expert System Main Components
• Knowledge base – obtainable from books,
magazines, knowledgeable persons, etc.
• Inference engine – draws conclusions from the
knowledge base
The Building Blocks of Expert Systems
• knowledge base
• Heuristic knowledge base
Advantages of ES
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Increased availability
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Reduced cost
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Reduced danger
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Multiple expertise
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Increased reliability
Explanation
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Fast response
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Steady, unemotional, and complete responses at all times
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Intelligent tutor
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Intelligent database
Disadvantages of ES
• Usually only covers narrow range of
knowledge
• Cost and effort are higher
• Not as good as having human experts
• Does not learn from mistakes
• Unlikely to come up with creative solutions
Knowladge work systems
• Knowledge Base systems are intended to
perform tasks which require some specialized
knowledge and reasoning.
• Medical diagnosis, geological analysis, and
chemical compound identification are
examples of tasks to which Knowledge Base
systems have been applied.
• The Knowledge Base system communicates
with the user through the User Interface.
• In many applications the Knowledge Base
system is required to explain its reasoning to
the user. This is particularly true in situations
such as the identification of chemical
structures where new results must be verified.
Representing the Knowledge
The knowledge of an expert system can be
represented in a number of ways, including IFTHEN rules:
IF you are hungry THEN eat