Transcript What is research? - Computing

Literature Survey,
Literature Comprehension, &
Literature Review
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Chapter 3.
Design
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Chapter 3.
Design
Chapter 4.
Development
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Chapter 5.
Evaluation
Chapter 3.
Design
Chapter 4.
Development
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 6.
Conclusions and
Future Work
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Chapter 5.
Evaluation
Chapter 3.
Design
Chapter 4.
Development
Thesis Structure
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Consider these as “logical chapters”, that is
to say they might represent a number of
physical chapters or a single section
For example, “Chapter 2”, the Literature
Review chapter might consist of a chapter
on Knowledge Management, a separate
chapter on Knowledge Elicitation
Or for example, “Chapter 5”, the Evaluation
Chapter might just exist as a section in the
Conclusions and Future Work chapter.
Thesis Structure
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 6.
Conclusions and
Future Work
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Chapter 5.
Evaluation
Chapter 3.
Design
Chapter 4.
Development
Mirroring of Chapters
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 6.
Conclusions and
Future Work
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Chapter 5.
Evaluation
Chapter 3.
Design
Chapter 4.
Development
Mirroring of Chapters
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All of the main points raised in the Introduction
chapter should be addressed in the Conclusions
chapter.
All of the main sections in the Research Method
(or Design) chapter should appear in the Data
Analysis (or Experiment) chapter.
All of the main sections in the Literature Review
chapter should be re-discussed in the Data
Findings (or Reflections) chapter.
Introduction to Literature
Introduction
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Finding out what is happening in your area of
research is a vital step along your journey to
discovery, to find and understand how
leading researchers in your field have
tackled similar problems and the results they
obtained, shortcomings they observed and
methodologies they employed are the goals
of the literature review process.
Introduction
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Additionally the literature reviews serves other
purposes;
 It shares the reader with other studies closely
related to your work
 It relates your work to the larger, ongoing dialogue in
the literature
 It shows how your study is filling in gaps and
extending prior studies.
 It provides a framework for establishing the
importance of your study
 It provides a benchmark for comparing the results of
your study with other findings
Introduction
...in other
words...
Introduction
...the
literature
review...
Introduction
...is really,
really
important.
2D Analysis
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The objective of this process is to systematically
analyse the existing research and classify it in one
of two dimensions.
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The breadth of the review is concerned with ‘setting the
scene’, in terms of describing the foundational research in
this particular domain, there will be research mentioned
from each of the areas you have included in your spider
diagram.
The depth of the research concerns itself with the
particular topic work that your research will be built upon.
There should be approximately the same number of
research papers covered in the depth and breath of the
research review.
Examples
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Let’s look at three examples
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Knowledge Management
Information Technology
Assistive Technology
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Knowledge
Maps
Knowledge
Sharing
Agile
Methods
Web 2.0
Elicitation
Decision
Support
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Knowledge
Maps
Knowledge
Sharing
Agile
Methods
Web 2.0
Elicitation
Breadth of Domain
Decision
Support
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Knowledge
Maps
Knowledge
Sharing
Agile
Methods
Web 2.0
Elicitation
Decision
Support
Breadth of Domain
Indicate your awareness of the broader
field, and you know where your specific
topic fits into the domain
Knowledge Management Example
Probst
Nonaka
Bhatt
Ruggles
Davenport
Eppler
Wiig
Prusak Gurteen
Knowledge Management
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
Knowledge Management Example
Probst
Nonaka
Bhatt
Ruggles
Davenport
Eppler
Wiig
Prusak Gurteen
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
Knowledge Management Example
Probst
Nonaka
Bhatt
Ruggles
Davenport
Eppler
Wiig
Prusak Gurteen
Knowledge Management
O’Reilly
Web 2.0
McAfee
Miller
Eggers
Knorr
Grossman
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Web 2.0
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Sharing
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Maps
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Elicitation
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Agile Methods
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Decision Support
Knowledge Management Example
Knowledge Management
Decision Support
Elicitation
Web 2.0
Agile Methods
Knowledge Sharing
Knowledge Maps
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Image
Synthesis
Computer
Architecture
Networks
Databases
Assistive
Technology
Agent
Development
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Image
Synthesis
Computer
Architecture
Networks
Databases
Assistive
Technology
Breadth of Domain
Agent
Development
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Image
Synthesis
Computer
Architecture
Networks
Databases
Assistive
Technology
Agent
Development
Breadth of Domain
Indicate your awareness of the broader
field, and you know where your specific
topic fits into the domain
Information Technology Example
Knuth
Wirth
Naur
Hoare
von Neumann
Dijkstra
Turing
Moore
Boehm
Information Technology
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Databases
Information Technology Example
Knuth
Wirth
Naur
Hoare
von Neumann
Dijkstra
Turing
Moore
Boehm
Information Technology
Databases
Information Technology Example
Knuth
Wirth
Naur
Hoare
von Neumann
Dijkstra
Turing
Moore
Boehm
Information Technology
Databases
Date
Codd
Gray
Boyce
Pipes
Epstein
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Databases
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Image Synthesis
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Networks
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Agent Development
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Comp Architecture
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Assistive Tech
Information Technology Example
Information Technology
Agent Development
Assistive Tech
Databases
Networks
Comp Architecture
Image Synthesis
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Hardware
Accessibility
Usability
Universal
Design
AAC
MPT
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Hardware
Accessibility
Usability
Universal
Design
AAC
Breadth of Domain
MPT
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Hardware
Accessibility
Usability
Universal
Design
AAC
MPT
Breadth of Domain
Indicate your awareness of the broader
field, and you know where your specific
topic fits into the domain
Assistive Technology Example
Schaff
Cain
Lahm
Lee
Meyer
Rose
Swann
Adlam
Scherer
Assistive
Technology
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Universal Design
Assistive Technology Example
Schaff
Cain
Lahm
Lee
Meyer
Rose
Swann
Adlam
Scherer
Assistive
Technology
Universal Design
Assistive Technology Example
Schaff
Cain
Lahm
Lee
Meyer
Rose
Swann
Adlam
Scherer
Assistive
Technology
Universal Design
Mace
Story
Ostroff
Mueller
Dolan
Preiser
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Universal Design
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Hardware
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Usability
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
MPT
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
Accessibility
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
AAC
Assistive Technology Example
Assistive Technology
MPT
AAC
Universal Design
Usability
Accessibility
Hardware
The Literature Review
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To made things clear, we divide the Literature
Review into three parts:
The Literature Review
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To made things clear, we divide the Literature
Review into three parts:
Literature
Survey
The Literature Review
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To made things clear, we divide the Literature
Review into three parts:
Literature
Survey
Literature
Comprehension
The Literature Review
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To made things clear, we divide the Literature
Review into three parts:
Literature
Survey
Literature
Comprehension
Literature
Review
The Literature Review
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To made things clear, we divide the Literature
Review into three parts:
Literature
Survey
Literature
Comprehension
Literature
Review
Collecting
the literature
The Literature Review

To made things clear, we divide the Literature
Review into three parts:
Literature
Survey
Collecting
the literature
Literature
Comprehension
Understanding
the literature
Literature
Review
The Literature Review
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To made things clear, we divide the Literature
Review into three parts:
Literature
Survey
Collecting
the literature
Literature
Comprehension
Understanding
the literature
Literature
Review
Reviewing
the literature
The Literature Survey
Literature Survey
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The literature survey is the process of
identifying and acquiring the research
papers, textbooks, web-sites, theses, etc.
that you will require to get a comprehensive
overview of the research that has been done
in the area that you are investigating.
A focused survey technique is recommended
to ensure you ‘hit the ground running’ and
using this technique you are almost
immediately in a position to implement
experiments.
Literature Survey
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Recording the papers you have found and
read is also of vital importance, and
techniques and software available for these
tasks are also covered in this section.
If you know the exact domain of your
research it makes sense to initially focus
your search on papers that relate (almost)
exactly to your own research, rather than
spending a great deal of time reading every
paper under the sun that seems remotely
relevant.
Literature Survey
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A vital step is to identify
KEYWORDS
Literature Survey
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e.g. you are doing research on
Communities of practice
What other keywords do we need to look
out for?
Literature Survey
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e.g. you are doing research on
Communities of practice
What other keywords do we need to look
out for?
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Network of practice
Virtual community
Virtual Ethnography
Virtual team
Community-driven knowledge management
Literature Survey
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You need to get a
notebook that you carry
with you, and list all the
keywords in there.
Use that to record ideas
you have about your
research.
Use it to record details
of meetings with your
supervisor.
Insert any useful
newspaper articles,
pictures, etc. that help.
Literature Survey
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Using these keywords, go to the library
and go online and look for journal
papers, books, conference papers, etc.
that are relevant.
Just using Google is insufficient, you
need to search in the real world as well.
Literature Survey
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What does peer-reviewed mean?
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When you submit a research paper, a number of
people will read the paper and give
feedback/corrections on it.
The people who review it will be as expert as you are
in the field of research (and as such are your peers).
Some conferences only get one person to review a
paper, others get two, others more – the more people
that review conference papers, the more prestigious
the conference is, since the papers in it are bound to
be of very quality.
Journal papers are normally reviewed by several
people, and are considered very credible.
Good Sources ?
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Journal Papers
Conference Papers
Textbooks
Other Books
Company Whitepapers
Company Websites
Blogs
Wikis
Literature Survey
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What are some good journals?
Who are ACM ?
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The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM,
is a learned society for computing. It was founded in
1947 as the world's first scientific and educational
computing society. Its membership is more than
92,000 as of 2009. ACM is organized into over 170
local chapters and 35 Special Interest Groups
(SIGs), through which it conducts most of its
activities. Many of the SIGs, like SIGGRAPH,
SIGPLAN, SIGCSE and SIGCOMM, sponsor
regular conferences which have become famous as
the dominant venue for presenting new innovations
in certain fields. The groups also publish a large
number of specialized journals, magazines, and
newsletters.
ACM SIGs
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SIGACCESS - Accessible Computing
SIGACT - Algorithms and Computation Theory
SIGAda - Ada Programming Language
SIGAPP - Applied Computing
SIGARCH - Computer Architecture
SIGART - Artificial Intelligence
SIGBED - Embedded Systems
SIGCAS - Computers and Society
SIGCHI - Computer-Human Interaction
SIGCOMM - Data Communication
SIGCSE - Computer Science Education
SIGDA - Design Automation
SIGDOC - Design of Communication
SIGecom - Electronic Commerce
SIGEVO - Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
SIGGRAPH - Computer Graphics and Interactive
Techniques
SIGIR - Information Retrieval
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SIGITE - Information Technology Education
SIGKDD - Knowledge Discovery in Data
SIGMETRICS - Measurement and Evaluation
SIGMICRO - Microarchitecture
SIGMIS - Management Information Systems
SIGMM - Multimedia
SIGMOBILE - Mobility of Systems, Users,
Data and Computing
SIGMOD - Management of Data
SIGOPS - Operating Systems
SIGPLAN - Programming Languages
SIGSAC - Security, Audit and Control
SIGSAM - Symbolic and Algebraic
Manipulation
SIGSIM - Simulation and Modeling
SIGSOFT - Software Engineering
SIGSPATIAL - SIGSPATIAL
SIGUCCS - University and College
Computing Services
SIGWEB - Hypertext, Hypermedia and Web
Who else ?
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Another significant group are IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers) called “eye-triple-e” is a
professional organization for the
advancement of technology, it also
publishes a number journals,
including IEEE Transactions on Knowledge
and Data Engineering
IEEE Transactions
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IEEE Computational intelligence and AI
IEEE Transactions on Computers
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Services Computing
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
IEEE Transactions on Haptics
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking
Literature Survey
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And any good research sites ?
Google Scholar
http://arxiv.org/archive/cs
WebLens
http://www.weblens.org/scholar.html
INFOMINE
DBLP
Gartner
Literature Survey
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Searching the Web
Literature Survey
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But remember:
If you just search for “Community of
practice” you will miss out on:
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Network of practice
Virtual community
Virtual Ethnography
Virtual team
Community-driven knowledge
management
hyponyms
antonyms
acronyms
pseudo-synonyms,
or false synonyms
neologisms
phraseologism
hypernyms
PROBLEMS WITH USING
A SEARCH ENGINE AS
THE SOLE SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
quasi-synonyms,
or near-synonyms
Crossreferences
collocation
polysemy
single-concept
principle
tautonyms
synonyms
abbreviations
monosemy
Finding Research online
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Effective Searching
Let us consider searching for information
relating to 'Project-Based Learning'
The Hyphen
The first thing to note is the hyphen between
the words 'Project' and 'Based', will every
web-page relating to this subject have the
hyphen in it, or will some just leave it out. If
you just leave it out the search engines will
find the phrase with or without the hyphen.
Finding Research online
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So the first search to try is
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if this returns 10,000 links then try
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"Project Based Learning"
"Project Based Learning" "PhD Thesis"
"Project Based Learning" "Masters Thesis“
“Project Based Learning” “Masters Thesis”
Declaration
this may return PhD or Masters thesis on the
subject you require information on.
Finding Research online
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To find other 'good' pages relating to
your subject matter, try
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"Project Based Learning Link*"
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"Project Based Learning Portal*"
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for "PBL Portal" or "PBL Portal Page"
"Project Based Learning Webring*"
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for "PBL Links" or "PBL Link Page"
for "PBL Webring" or "PBL Webrings"
"Project Based Learning FAQ*"
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for "PBL FAQ"or "PBL FAQs" or "PBL FAQL"or "PBL
FAQLs"
Finding Research online
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If you are looking for papers relating to "Project
Based Learning", try
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"Project Based Learning" Bibliography
"Project Based Learning" Literature Review
"Project Based Learning" Literature Survey
"Project Based Learning" Overview
"Project Based Learning" “A Roadmap”
Unlike the previous section where we were looking for 'good'
pages and put the entire phrase in double quotes, in this
section we are only putting the subject matter we are
investigating in quotes and the rest of the terms are free text, in
this way we can find pages which may not be titled, for
example, "Project Based Learning Bibliography", but may be a
bibliography which contain references to Project Based
Learning.
Finding Research online
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If you are looking for a more specific topic, for
example, "The Impact of the Web on Project Based
Learning", try
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"Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning" (unlikely)
"Project Based Learning" overview web
"Project Based Learning" survey web
"Project Based Learning" review web
"Project Based Learning" assessment web
Finding Research online
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Also consider web-sites which will be using the
acronym for "Project Based Learning"
so try
"PBL"
"P.B.L."
Consider the acronym for "Virtual Learning
Environments", it could be "VLE"or "VLEs"or
"V.L.E."or "V.L.E.s"or "V.L.Es", so try
"VLE*"
"V.L.E*"
Literature Survey
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Here is a good tip:
Literature Survey
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Find an up-to-date thesis that is
closely related to your research
question (your supervisor should be
able to help you with this, if not, search
the web) and use this as a launch pad
to your research This is a very useful
starting point since it will give you an
immediate overview of your research
field.
Some Considerations When Using A
Thesis As A Starting Point
Regional Variations : Different countries, different regions and even
different universities have differing standards for their dissertations,
so, whilst the dissertation is a useful starting point, it can only be
considered as such, and is not a template for your own work.
Correspondence of Research : The dissertation that you are using
should have a significant overlap with your own research, but there
are bound to be differences, therefore, your own literature review will
be very different to the one you have found, since yours is aimed at
highlighting the ‘gap’ that you wish to address.
Quality of Research : The quality of the dissertation is something you will
need to consider, how comprehensive is this person’s work ? Have
they missed any important papers or major blocks of research ?
Literature Survey
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Bibliography Software:
Zotero
Free
BibTeX
Free
Pybliographer
Free
Biblioscape
EndNote
Mendeley
Qiqqa
Reference Manager
Literature Survey
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When have you found enough papers?
Literature Survey
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When have you found enough papers?
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There is no hard-and-fast rule, but my own
suggestion is about 50 papers – you don’t
have to review them yet, just have them
printed out in a pile.
Literature Comprehension
Literature Comprehension
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The literature comprehension is the
process of reading and understanding
the research found in the survey
process.
Literature Comprehension
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You’ve found 50 papers, now what are
you going to do with them ?
Literature Comprehension
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You’ve found 50 papers, now what are
you going to do with them ?
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The first thing to do is to divide them
into piles based on sub-topics within
your research, so some papers might
be about the overall themes and others
might be about specific issues.
Literature Comprehension
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Now start to read them, I suggest ten
sittings, reading five papers in each
sitting.
Literature Comprehension
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You will be freaked out after reading
the first five papers, you will be deluged
with new terminology, models and
approaches.
The important thing is to hang in there,
don’t get overwhelmed by it all, just
read them, and make a note of all new
terms, models and approaches…
Literature Comprehension
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…in your
notebook
Literature Comprehension
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Don’t get overwhelmed by it all, the
more papers you read, the less new
terms you will be encountering, the
more of an expert you will become.
You are also adding to your keyword
search list.
Literature Comprehension
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The first ten papers are the worst, once
you are over that hurdle, you will find
the rest much easier.
Also in your notebook write down any
nice phrases used in the papers, any
interesting approaches to the
experiments and any nice display of
results.
Literature Comprehension
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Also don’t be afraid to ask for help –
from your supervisor or other people.
The process of reading and trying to
understand complex research can
sometimes be a discouraging one, but
a systematic approach to tackling this
is best.
Literature Comprehension
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Part of the process might be that you
have to do a simple replica of an
experiment described in the research to
fully understand it.
That’s alright, because with all the
simulation and prototyping software
now available, that’s not as hard as it
used to be.
Literature Comprehension
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Active Reading:
It is very important to read new research in an active
manner, you shouldn’t just skim read the material,
but understand what you are reading, as you are
reading it.
It may be necessary to re-read a sentence, one
phrase at a time, or one word at a time until the
meaning is evident.
It may be the case that you will have to consult some
reference source to confirm the meaning of
terminology, this being the case, it is only logical to
keep reference material close to hand (textbooks,
the internet, dictionaries, etc.)
Literature Comprehension
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To help you in this process, I’ve created a
checksheet with some friends that have
questions you should consider after reading
a paper:
http://www.comp.dit.ie/dgordon/CheckSheets/ScienceArticleCheckSheet.doc
Literature Comprehension
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THE QUESTIONS ARE:
What type of article is it?
What is the main issue/problem being discussed?
Skim read – what could your dissertation gain by including this
article?
What is the article’s contribution to knowledge?
How can this information be integrated into your review?
Compare and contrast to similar articles – for or against/ or an
extension of the literature?
Are there recommendations for further research?
Where is the article placed in your field? Famous author?
Is the article well written, interesting and easy to read?
Is there a clear research question – can it be tested?
What methods are used to carry out research
Is the design appropriate for testing the stated hypothesis?
What are the limitations of the design/research methods?
Are there aspects of the design that could be applied to your work?
Are the results well displayed and clear?
Are the results in keeping with the design?
Are the implications of the study clear?
Have the results been appropriately discussed?
Literature Review
Research
Question
Results
Experiment
Literature Comprehension
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A typical research paper (from a conference or
journal) consists of the following parts;
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Title,
Abstract,
Introduction,
Methodology,
Results and
Bibliography.
Literature Comprehension
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Literature Map
You are going to have to put some structure on the
literature, one suggestion is to create a literature
map.
Write the title of your research on top, and the main
topics relevant to your research underneath, now
associate the papers you are reading with each of
the topics.
Literature Map
Literature Map
Literature Review
Literature Review
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The literature review is the process of
consolidating the various strands of
past research into a single narrative
describing the evolution of the research
domain.
Literature Review
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There are checklists provided to assist
you in this task, one that deals with the
evaluation of a research paper we ave
already seen, and the other which
deals with questions to reflect upon
regarding the overall structure of the
literature review chapter in a
dissertation.
Literature Review
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Literature Review Chapter
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http://www.comp.dit.ie/dgordon/CheckSheets/LitReviewCheckSheet.doc
Literature Review
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The questions of this checksheet are:
Has the student laid the foundations for his/her work– why it is important that
they pursue their topic?
Have they been able to show a gap in the literature (more important for PhDs but
still a good idea)?
Is the nature/type of the research clear?
Is the work well written, interesting and easy to read?
Does the literature review read like a list of studies or does it build their
point/arguments.
Is the work simply a repeat or cut and paste of other’s work?
Are key researchers and important works included?
Examples of other good literature surveys?
Have they set out orthogonal issues?
Has research been examined for both content and methods?
Have studies been compared and contrasted? Has the literature been extended?
Has the student been critical in all areas of the research (design) and not just
examined the results?
Is it ‘a students’ literature review – aimed at supporting their research, rather
than just being ‘a’ review of ‘the’ literature?
Is each section important? Do they explain how that topic contributes to building a
cohesive argument/point
Has the work explored what methods are used to carry out research in other studies?
Are the limitations of the design/research methods discussed?
Are there recommendations for further research?
Literature Review
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The underlying (or hidden) theme of the
narrative is to show that there is a ‘gap’
in the existing research and how your
work will address this problem.
Literature Review
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The review itself is the final piece of the
puzzle, it is a matter of tying together all the
previous research that you have found and
reviewed, and producing an artifact that is
not just all those reviews put together, but a
coherent and cohesive narrative of the
research to date, and a narrative that points
to a ‘gap’ in the research that your work
intends to fill. It also contextualises the work
in the broader research scope.
Literature Review
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The first step in this process is to consider
each article that you have reviewed, is it
significant enough to go into the review ?
How do you evaluate that ?
The answer is simple ; does it help build
towards the ‘gap’ in the research you are
identifying ? or to put it another way, could
you take this article out and it wouldn’t make
any difference ?
Literature Review
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The articles should group together into
research trends so you should list the
articles by this grouping and see which ones
are important.
Your literature map will help with identifying
the key themes.
The review does not have to be in
chronological order, but rather in the order
the most clearly shows the trends in this
field.
Literature Review
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Remember that writing is not necessarily a linear
process, write what sections you know about, when
you know about them.
As with all of the writing that you will be doing for
you dissertation, there will be many drafts of the
literature review chapter, so it is best to write far too
much first and then you can cut down, therefore you
should include many of the questions for each
article in the first draft of your work and chip away
at it a piece at a time.
Literature Review
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I recommend a “5 by 5”
approach.
Read five papers, and
the accompanying
checksheets, now write
five lines about each
paper (note: not five
sentences, five lines of
font size 12 text).
Do this ten times.
Five
by
five
Literature Review
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The research should be seen as the zenith
of the cumulative process of the scientific
research that has already been done.
Then the process becomes a matter of
making these disparate stories into one
single narrative, with one theme : there is
something missing in the research to date
that you are going to address.
Literature Review
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The structure of the literature review
will be the same as that of any
document, it has a
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beginning,
middle and
end.
Literature Review
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The beginning or introduction will
introduce the main research topics and
provide definitions for key concepts
that are important to your research –
definitions that support your approach
taken in the research.
Literature Review
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The end or conclusion will be that
there has been a great deal of work
done in this area, but there is a gap in
the work that your research will
address.
Literature Review
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The middle part of the literature review, can
be presented in a number of ways,
depending on your personal preferences,
the main research trends must be
discussed, key researchers must be
identified, and the work must spiral from its
research beginnings towards the research
gap that you are going to fill.
Literature Review
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The general research topics you discuss
must lead logically to the specific research
that you are undertaking.
So if we go back to the T-Shaped structure:
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
2D Analysis
Breadth of Research
Depth of Research
Finding
your
“eye of
the storm”
Literature Review
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It may be the case that the trends in the
research in your domain fall into two
opposing camps, the for-and-against type
paradigm, This being the case, whichever
side your work is on, make sure that you
present the merits of each side, this gives
your readers a balanced view of the domain,
and gives them the impression of a
researcher who can take a sophisticated
perspective on matters.
Literature Review
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Let’s look at a simple example:
Literature Review
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TEXT: “Although little research has been done on the influence of movies on the public
perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science,
for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in
particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life
robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in
movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks
at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact
on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of
computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.”
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REFERENCES:
Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in
proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna.
Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland
(NUI), Maynooth, Ireland.
Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction
Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent
Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008,
Cancun, Mexico.
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Literature Review
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TEXT: “Although little research has been done on the influence of movies on the public
perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science,
for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in
particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life
robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in
movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks
at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact
on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of
computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.”
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REFERENCES:
Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in
proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna.
Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland
(NUI), Maynooth, Ireland.
Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction
Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent
Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008,
Cancun, Mexico.
Citations
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Literature Review
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TEXT: “Although little research has been done the influence of movies on the public
perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science,
for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in
particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life
robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in
movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks
at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact
on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of
computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.”
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REFERENCES:
Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in
proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna.
Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland
(NUI), Maynooth, Ireland.
Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction
Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent
Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008,
Cancun, Mexico.
Citations
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References
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How to cite
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The correct way to cite
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one author is (Smith, 2005)
two authors is (Smith and Jones, 2005)
multiple authors is (Smith et al., 2005)
Please note:
Since “et al.” is an abbreviation of the
phrase “et alia” the full stop is necessary.
Additionally as it is a foreign phrase it must
always be in italics.
How to cite
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Allow me to repeat that last bit, since no one
seems to do it correctly:
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Please note:
Since “et al.” is an abbreviation of the
phrase “et alia” the full stop is necessary.
Additionally as it is a foreign phrase it must
always be in italics.
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Literature Review