Transcript Chapter 3

Services Marketing, 7e, Global Edition
Chapter 3:
Positioning Services
in Competitive Markets
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 1
Overview of Chapter 3
1. Focus Strategies for Services
2. Market Segmentation
3. Service Attributes and Levels
4. Positioning Distinguishes a Brand from its Competitors
5. Developing an Effective Positioning Strategy
6. Using Positioning Maps to Analyze Competitive Strategy
7. Changing Competitive (re)Positioning
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 2
1. Focused Strategies for
Services
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 3
Standing Apart from the Competition
“A business must set itself apart from its competition.
To be successful it must identify and promote itself as the
best provider of attributes that are important to target customers.”
George S. Day
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 4
Basic Focus Strategies for Services
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 5
Considerations for using Focused Strategies
1. Fully focused: Limited range of services to narrow and specific market,
e.g., Shouldice Hospital
 Risks
 Opportunities
 Developing recognized
expertise in a welldefined niche may
provide protection
against would-be
competitors
 Market is too small to
generate needed volume
 Allows firms to charge
premium prices
 Purchasers in chosen
segment may be
susceptible to economic
downturn
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 Demand may be
displaced by generic
competition from
alternative products
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 6
Considerations for using Focused Strategies
2. Market focused, e.g., Rentokil Initial (B2B)
 Narrow market segment with wide range of services
 Need to make sure firms have operational capability to
do and deliver each of the different services selected,
3. Service focused, e.g., Starbucks
 Narrow range of services to fairly broad market
 As new segments are added, firm needs to develop
knowledge and skills in serving each segment,
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 7
Considerations for Using Focus Strategies
4. Unfocused, e.g., Toshiba, 142 years
 Broad markets with wide range of services, 無所不
做：家電，半導體，核電廠，個人電廠，醫療設備，
 Many service providers fall into this category, 中國
家電廠商崛起，
 Danger – becoming a “jack of all trades and master
of none”, 資源稀釋
* 2016~ 家電賣給中國 美的集團，個人電廠合併入 VAIO,
醫療設備賣給Canon,“為了東芝的技術”(2600項專利)
* 轉型到 B2B企業零件市場，大量投資在：半導體，核電廠
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 8
2. Market Segmentation
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 9
Market Segmentation
 Firms vary widely in their abilities to serve different types of
customers. （第一不如唯一！）
 A market segment is composed of a group of buyers
sharing common characteristics, needs, purchasing
behavior, and consumption patterns. （分類）
 Target segments should be selected with reference to
 Firm’s ability to match or exceed competing offerings
directed at the same segment. （or 別人的機會）
 Not just profit potential.
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 10
3. Service Attributes and
Levels
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 11
Developing Right Service Concept
for a Specific Segment
 Use research to identify and prioritize which attributes of a
given service are important to specific market segments
 Individuals may set different priorities according to:
 Purpose of using the service
 Who makes decision
 Timing of use
 Whether service is used alone or with a group
 Composition of that group
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 12
Important vs. Determinant Attributes
 Consumers usually choose between alternative service
offerings based on perceived differences between them
 Determinant attributes determine buyers’ choices between
competing alternatives
 service characteristics that are important to purchasers,
IPA
 customers see significant differences between
competing alternatives on these attributes
 Air travel: 1. safety（不能妥協）, 2. price （預算型）, 3.
convenience times（起，降）? If 班次少，Actually!
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Chapter 3 – Page 13
Establishing Service Levels
 Make decisions on service levels – level of performance firm plans to
offer on each attribute
 Easily quantified attributes are easier to understand –
e.g., price, punctuality of transportation services
 Qualitative attributes subject to individual interpretation –
e.g., hotel's degree of luxury, physical comfort, noise levels
 Can often segment customers according to willingness to trade off
price vs. service level:
 Price-insensitive customers willing to pay relatively high price for
high levels of service
 Price-sensitive customers look for inexpensive service with
relatively low performance
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 14
4. Positioning Distinguishes a
Brand from its Competitors
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Chapter 3 – Page 15
Four Principles of Positioning Strategy
1. Must establish position for firm or product in minds of
customers
2. Position should be distinctive, providing one simple,
consistent message
3. Position must set firm/product apart from competitors
4. A company cannot be all things to all people – must focus its
efforts
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 16
A New chain of child-care center:
low-cost or differentiation?
What customers
do we serve now,
and which ones
would we like to
target?
What does our
firm stand for in
the minds of
current and
potential
customers?
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What is value
proposition for
our current
service products,
and market
segments?
How does each
of our service
products differ
from
competitors’?
Avoid trap of
investing too
heavily in points
of differences that
are easily copied!
Services Marketing 7/e
How well do
target customers
perceive our
service products
as meeting their
needs?
What changes
must we make to
strengthen our
competitive
position?
Chapter 3 – Page 17
5. Developing an Effective
Positioning Strategy
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 18
Developing an Effective Positioning Strategy
 Positioning links market analysis and competitive analysis
to internal corporate analysis, 衡外情，量己力
 1. Market Analysis
 Focus on overall level and trend of demand and
geographic locations of demand
 Look into size and potential of different market
segments
 Understand customer needs and preferences and how
they perceive the competition
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 19
Developing an Effective Positioning Strategy
 2. Internal Corporate Analysis
 Identify organization’s resources, limitations, goals, and
values
 Select limited number of target segments to serve
 3. Competitor Analysis
 Understand competitors’ strengths and weaknesses
 Anticipate responses to potential positioning strategies,
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Chapter 3 – Page 20
Market, Internal, and Competitive Analyses
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 21
Anticipating Competitive Response
 Competitors might pursue same market position
 Independently do same positioning analysis and arrive at similar
conclusions, 台灣的大學及 EMBA SWOT分析結果都相似？
 Threatened by new strategy, take steps to reposition own service
 New entrant plays “follow the leader”, benchmarking, copy
 Conduct internal corporate analysis for challengers and analyze
possible effects of alternative moves
 Impact of price cut on demand, market share, and profits
 Responses of different segments to changes in service attributes,
e.g., lower price, offer higher service level on some attributes
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 22
6. Using Positioning Maps to
Analyze Competitive Strategy
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 23
Using Positioning Maps to Plot Competitive Strategy
 Great tool to visualize competitive positioning and map
developments of time
 Useful way to represent consumer perceptions of alternative
products graphically
 Typically confined to two attributes, but 3-D models can be used
to portray positions on three attributes simultaneously
 Information about a product can be obtained from market data,
derived from ratings by representative consumers, or both
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Chapter 3 – Page 24
Positioning of Hotels in Belleville: Price vs. Service
Level (2, 5, 3) 易量化屬性：主對角線，正相關
Expensive
Grand
Regency
PALACE
Shangri-La
High
Service
Atlantic
Moderate
Service
Sheraton
Italia
Castle
Alexander IV
Airport Plaza
Less Expensive
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 25
Positioning of Hotels in Belleville:
Location vs. Physical Luxury (1, 6, 3) 不易量化屬性
High Luxury
Regency
Grand
Shangri-La
Sheraton
PALACE
Financial
District
Shopping District
and Convention Center
Inner
Suburbs
Italia
Castle
Alexander IV
Atlantic
Airport Plaza
Moderate Luxury
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 26
Dynamic, Positioning After 4 New Construction:
Price vs. Service Level (6. 5. 3) or (5, 2, 4, 3)
Mandarin
New Grand
Heritage
Marriott
Continental
Expensive
Action?
Regency
High
Service
PALACE
Shangri-La
No action?
Moderate
Service
Atlantic
Sheraton
Italia
Less Expensive
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Services Marketing 7/e
Castle
Alexander IV
Airport Plaza
Chapter 3 – Page 27
Dynamic, Positioning After 4 New Construction:
Location vs. Physical Luxury (3, 8, 3) or (2, 2, 5, 2, 3)
High Luxury
Mandarin
New Grand
Heritage
Marriott
Sheraton
Shangri-La
Continental
Action?
Regency
PALACE
Financial
District
No action?
Inner
Suburbs
Shopping District
and Convention Center
Castle
Italia
Alexander IV
Atlantic
Airport Plaza
Moderate Luxury
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 28
Positioning Maps Help Managers to
Visualize Strategy
 Research provides input
 Attributes 量化，質化
 Performance of individual firms on each attribute accurately
reflects perceptions of customers in target segments
 Predictions can be made of how positions may change in
light of future developments
 Charts and maps can facilitate “visual awakening” to
threats and opportunities, suggest alternative strategic
directions. "投資高人力服務 勝於 奢侈傢俱裝潢”
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 29
7. Changing Competitive
Positioning
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Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 30
Repositioning
 Firm may have to make significant change in existing
position, dynamic: t-1, t, t+1
 Revising service characteristics; redefining target market
segments; abandoning certain products; withdrawing from certain
market segments
 Improving negative brand perceptions may require
extensive redesign of core product
 Repositioning introduces new dimensions into positioning
equation that other firms cannot immediately match.
* Innovation and change.
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 31
Summary
 Focus Strategies:
 Fully focused
 Service focused
 Market focused
 Unfocused
 Market Segmentation – buyers share common characteristics
 Service attributes– determinant attributes are often the ones
most important to customers
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 32
Summary
 Positioning links:
 Market Analysis
 Internal Analysis
 Competitive Analysis
 Positioning maps are useful for plotting competitive strategy:
 Identify potential competitive responses
 Help executives to visualize strategy
Slide © 2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz
Services Marketing 7/e
Chapter 3 – Page 33