Transcript Mader 11 ch 4 Cell Structure and Function

Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
Assignments
• Read Chapter 4 in textbook
• Read appropriate pages in CliffsAP
Mills Biology 2002
Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
Cell Trivia
• How many cells do we have in our bodies?
– 75 trillion = 75 X 1012 !!! That’s a lot
• 75,000,000,000,000
• Vary in size (um = 1/1000 mm)
– human egg cell 140 um
– RBC 7.5 um
– smooth muscle cell 20-500 um
• RBC’s made at a rate of about 1.2-2.5 million/sec. 1/2 ton in a lifetime, produce about 1 oz. of new
blood daily
• Entire stomach lining replaced every 3 days
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Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
• Class periods:1-2
• Topics
– 4.1 Cellular Level of
Organization
– 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
– 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
What is the Cell?
• Development of the
cell theory
• Cell size
• Two basic cell types
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What does this have to do with the
cell theory?
Mediterranean Oak Tree
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What is the Cell?
Development of
the cell theory
Hooke - England
1600’s
Leeuwenhoek - Holland
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
A Screw for adjusting height
B metal plate-body of scope
C Skewer to impale object and rotate it
D Spherical lens
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
*Just know that they
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
were involved with
developing the “cell
theory”
Worked like Leeuwenhoeks,
but could “load” 8 specimen.
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
All living things
Development
of
the
cell
theory
are made of
cells.
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
• Found same dense
round body in plant
cells as had been
seen in animal cells.
• Gave it a name.
What was it?
– nucleus
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
Mills Biology 2002
All plants
are made
of cells!
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
Animals are made
of cells too!
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
• Named the jellylike
substance that filled
cells. What did he
name it?
– protoplasm
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Proposed unique
nature of fingerprints.
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
All cells arise
ONLY from
preexisting cells.
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
• Proposed that
protoplasm was
found in cells of all
types of organisms.
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
• 1800’s
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Henry Dutrochet
Robert Brown
Matthies Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Johannes Purkinje
Rudolph Virchow
Max Schultz
Felix Dujardin
• Saw one celled organisms
Mills Biology 2002
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
• What is the cell theory?
– All organisms are made of one or more cells.
– Cells are the structural and functional units of all
organisms.
– All cells come from pre-existing cells by self
reproduction.
– Took many years to gather this knowledge.
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Development of the cell theory
Rabbit intestinal
cells.
Corn leaf cells.
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
– Cells usually organized one of two ways:
• Unicellular and colonial organisms
• Multicellular organisms
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Unicellular and Colonial Organisms
• Can carry on all life
processes
• Include bacteria, protozoa,
many algae, some fungi
• Can exist as:
– Single one celled entity
– Simple colonies
• Organisms just “hang out”
together
– Complex colonies
• Organisms are interconnected
and communicate
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Complex
colonies
Simple colonies
Single entity - Amoeba
GreenBacteria
algae-Volvox
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Multicellular Organisms
• Hundreds to billions of cells
• Specialized cells, cannot function independently
– Cells organized into tissues
– Tissues organized into organs
– Organs organized into organ systems
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Types of Tissue
• Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle Tissue
Epithelial cells of GI tract
Nervous tissue-neuron in
gray matter of brain
Muscle Tissue
Simple squamous epithelium lining
alveoli of lungs.
Adipose (fat) tissue and bone, types
of connective tissue
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Cell Size
• Prokaryotes 1-10 micrometers/Eukaryotes 10-100
micrometers (micrometer = 10-6 meters= 1/1000th of a meter)
• Significance of cell surface area to volume ratio
Cube shape
Calculations:
Surface area =area of one side X the number
of sides
Volume=length x width x height
Calculate
thexsurface
for 2
S.A. = 1mm
1mm =area
1mmto2 xvolume
6 sidesratio
= 6mm
a cube that is 1mm on each side.
Volume = 1mm x1 mm x 1mm = 1mm3
Do the same calculation for a cube that is
Surface
3mm onarea/Volume
each side. ratio = 6:1
S.A.
= cell
3mm
x 3mm
x 6the
sides
= 54mm2Why?
Which
would
have
advantage?
Volume = 3mm x 3mm x 3mm = 27mm3
Surface area/Volume Ratio = 54:27 = 2:1
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4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
Two basic cell types
• Name the two basic
cells types.
• What is the difference
between them?
• What is the same?
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4.1 Cellular Level of
Organization
Two basic cell types
• What type is this?
Prokaryotic
• What type are
these?
Eukaryotic
First 3 billion years of life on earth – only prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes only around for about 1.5 billion years.
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4.2 Bacterial Cells
Prokaryotic E.coli Movie 35 sec.
• Prokaryotic – no nucleus
Hard drive ..\..\Biology Clipart and sounds\Biology
movies and animations\prokaryotic cell e coli
movie.mov
– Pro=before
– Karyon=kernel
• Cell wall
– Peptidoglycan
– Sometimes surrounded by a
capsule and/or a slime layer
• Cytoplasm
– Contains some organelles
• Nucleoid (not a membrane
bound nucleus)
– Usually one loop of DNA
– May also have smaller accessory
rings called plasmids
• Ribosomes
• Photosynthetic bacteria have
thylakoids
• Flagella
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4.2 Bacterial Cells
• Phtosynthetic
bacteria
– Cyanobacterium
(previously called
blue-green algae)
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These are cells
from inside
your body.
E. Coli (stained green)
Which are
prokaryotic?
Which are
eukaryotic?
White blood cell (stained red)
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4.2 Bacterial Cells
Summary
• Prokaryotic cells have three consistent features
Outer boundary
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Thylakoids (photosynthetic)
Nucleoid
Innumerable enzymes
Chromosome (loop of DNA)
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Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
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Cell walls
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Origins of eukaryotic
cells
•
Good
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/a
nimalcell.html
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Walls
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Plants (and bacterial) cells have cell walls
Animal cells do not have cell walls
Fairly rigid-gives shape and support
Outside of cell(plasma) membrane
Holes in it, substances can pass through
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Walls
Plant cell
Plant cell wall made of
cellulose. Bacterial cell wall
made of peptidoglycans.
Animal cell
(no cell wall)
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Walls
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane
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•
Also called plasma membrane
Present in prokaryotes, and eukaryotes
Separates what’s inside the cell from what’s outside
Selectively permeable - allows things to pass into
and out of the cell-this is vital feature
• Very important for maintaining homeostasis
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane
What compounds
make up the cell wall?
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane
Will look at more closely in
next chapter
Transport proteins
Receptor proteins
Enzymatic/catalytic
proteins
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
• Typical cell is fluid filled
and membrane bound
• Fluid inside cell =
cytoplasm
• Structures within
cytoplasm = organelles
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Nucleus
• Nucleus is largest
organelle
• Membrane bound-nuclear
membrane – double layer
• Controls cell-without it,
cell dies
• Contains nucleolus or
nucleoli – center for
ribosome production
• Contain DNA = chromatin
= chromosomes
Prokaryote-no
membrane bound
nucleus, but has
nucleoid.
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Cell Structure
The Nucleus
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What do you see?
Liver cell nucleus(center of picture) TEM x 20,720 . Mitochondria red,
ribosomes blue, ER green,
nucleolus
Mills Biology
2002 purple. David Kunkel
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm
• Fluid substance inside cell
• Surrounds nucleus and
other organelles
• Many chemicals dissolved
in it, chemical reactions can
take place in it.
• Contains cytoskeleton that
keeps cell organized
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Ribosomes
– Composed of rRNA and
protein
– Several thousand to a million
per cell.
– Found on rough ER (proteins
for export)and free(proteins
for use within cell) in
cytoplasm
– Function: protein synthesis
– Can produce proteins at a
rate of 2 aa/sec in eukaryotes
and 20aa/sec in prokaryotes
– Prokaryotic ribosomes vary
from eukaryotic and are
similar to ribosomes found in
mito and chloroplasts
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Can you name these?
Ribosomes and polyribosomes in the cytoplasm of a liver cell.
TEM x 173,400 . David Kunkel
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Ribosomes made in
the nucleus under the
direction of DNA.
Made up of protein
and rRNA.
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum
– Transport system for
molecules in cell
– Extensive network of
interconnected, fluid
filled tubes and cavities
– Two types:
Rough ER

coated with ribosomes
•protein synthesis
Smooth ER
• rough
• smooth

no ribosomes
•lipids , steroids and
fatty acid synthesis
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes TEM x 61,560.
David
Kunkel
Mills Biology
2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Golgi Bodies
– Refines, packages
and delivers proteins
and lipids
– stack of flattened
sacks called
cisternae
– receives proteins
from ER
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Lysosomes
– Garbage disposals
– Vesicle containing digestive
enzymes (acid hydrolases)
– Produced by Golgi apparatus
– over 40 types of enzymes
– Function to:
• digest bacteria, viruses, toxins
• degrade worn out cell parts
• break down non useful fetal
tissue – no longer thought
true (programmed cell death
instead)
– Lysosomal storage diseases
Tay Sachs Disease
• Tay Sachs Disease
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–Autosomal recessive, neurologic
disorder, lipids build up on nerve
cells, 1 out of 27 Jews in America
carry gene, there is a test for
carriers
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Peroxisomes
– Membrane bound vesicle
– Contain enzymes that can
oxidize small organic
compounds, resulting in
production of hydrogen
peroxide
– Hydrogen peroxide broken
down into oxygen and water
by enzyme, catalase, also
produced by peroxisome
– Common in liver and kidney
cells
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Vacuoles
– Membrane bound
– Bigger than vesicles
– Store things
• food,water,pigments,
toxic substances
– Contractile vacuoles
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Vacuoles – contractile
water vacuole
Paramecium
contractile
vacuole
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Summary – Organelles of the endomembrane
system
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–
–
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Nuclear envelope
Edoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
Flight through an Animal Cell
Animation 39 sec.
Hard drive ..\..\Biology Clipart and sounds\Biology
movies and animations\animal cell journey
movie.mov
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Organelles
• Mitochondria
– “Powerhouse” of cell
– Oval shaped, with cristae
– Produce ATP-cell
respiration
– Cells that use more
energy have more
– Can self replicate, have
own DNA
– From mother
– Originally thought to be
an invading bacteria
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The Cytoplasm-
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Mitochondria animation
Hard drive
..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\mitochondria video animation.mov
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
• Plastids
– Found only in photosynthetic eukaryotic
organisms – not in fungi or animals
– Two types
• Leukoplasts
– Colorless – store things, like starch in a potato
» amyloplast
• Chromoplasts
– Contain pigments – give color
– Chloroplasts most important chromoplast
» Contain green pigment chlorophyll
» Contain own DNA (like mitochondria)
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Organelles
Chromoplast
Most familiar one is a chloroplast
chlorophyll is here.
Leukoplast
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Plant cell TEMx 7260. Plastids yellow. Mitochondria red.David Kunkel
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Cytoskeleton
– Supports and organizes
– Contains three types of
elements
• Microfilaments (actin filaments)
• Intermediate tubules
• Microtubules
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Microfilaments
– Long, thin rods of actin
– Interact with motor
molecules, myosin
– Structural and mobility
• Under plasma membrane
• In microvilli
• Allow formation of
pseudopods
• Aid cytokinesis
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Intermediate filaments
– Ropelike polypeptide
– Support cell and nuclear
membranes
– Help in formation of cell
to cell junctions
– Give mechanical strength
to skin (keratin)
– Can assemble and
disassemble as needed
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Microtubules
– Made of globular protein, tubulin
– Assembled in the microtubule
organizing center (MTOC), which
in eukaryotic cells is a structure
called the centrosome
– stiffer, help maintain shape
– Dynamic, assemble and
disassemble
– help move organelles within cells
– With help of motor
molecules kenesin and
dynein
– Component of centriole, cilia and
flagella
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Centrioles
–
–
–
–
Composed of microtubules
Near Golgi and nucleus
Non membranous
Most cells have 2 that lay at
right angles to each other
– Centrioles made of nine
microtubule triplets
• 9 + 0 pattern of
microtubules (9 triplets and
zero central microtubules)
– Function to separate
chromosomes during mitosis
Mills Biology 2002
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
• Cilia
• Flagella
– large numbers on free
– longer
surfaces of some cells
– usually only one per cell
– tiny, hairlike, attached
– undulating, wavelike
to basal body
motion propels the cell
– arranged in rows
– sperm, one celled
– “to and fro” motion
organism
– respiratory tract and
Both arise from basal body.
digestive tracts of
animalsBoth have 9 +2 microtubule pattern.
– propel(9other
doublets arranged around 2 central microtubules.)
substances along cell
Mills Biology 2002
Both made
of of microtubules.
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
Basal body has 9 triplets arranged in a circle –
same as centrioles. May arise from centrioles
CILIA
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
CILIA
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
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4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton
FLAGELLA on
sperm cells
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What is it?
Cilia cross section TEM x 199,500. Notice 9,2 arrangement. David Kunkel
Mills Biology 2002
Flagella and Cilia Animation
Mills Biology
2002
..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology
movies\flagellum
and cilia movie.swf
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell
• Endosymbiotic theory
– Endosymbiosis
• One cell lives inside another to the mutual benefit of both.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have been bacteria that
entered cell.
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Read
Connecting the
Concepts pg 81
The End
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