Transcript Scholarly Communication and University Libraries

University Libraries Consortia
development
as a purchase method of eMaterials
Yoshiro KATO
Chief Executive
International Center
Keio University
Introduction
• Currently, university libraries are purchasing eMaterials to
answer the needs of their users. This task is difficult for a
single library. However, by forming a consortium among
libraries, it becomes possible to purchase information in
stabilized and reasonable prices.
• Today, I would like report about consortia based on the
method of marketing analysis of commercial companies.
At the same time, I would like to consider the development
of the Consortia Life Cycle with good efficiency.
Necessity of Marketing
The marketing style difference between
Commercial Companies and Libraries
Commercial
Companies
Libraries
Concept
sales
exchange
Target
consumer
user
Strategy
competition
cooperation
Marketing
Mix 4P
•Product
•Price
•Place
•Promotion
•service
•time saving
•comfortable environment
•communication
Strategic Marketing
Commercial
Companies
Libraries
Brand Competition
Brand Cooperation
Concept
Competitions among
companies targeting
common customers
Cooperation among
libraries targeting
common users
Example
Tyota & Honda
Kirin & Asahi Beer
Strategic Marketing
Commercial
Companies
Libraries
industrial Competition
industrial Cooperation
Concept
industrial Competition
targeting common
products
Global Cooperation
among libraries targeting
common service
Example
Tyota & Honda
Kirin & Asahi Beer
Cooperation between
RLG and Keio University
Strategic Marketing
Commercial
Companies
Libraries
Formation of Competition
Formation of
Cooperation
Concept
Brand Competition of
PET bottles
Example
Styles of Competition
between PET bottles
industries and tea leaf
merchants.
Cooperation among
libraries of a same kind
•University Libraries
•Public Libraries
Strategic Marketing
Commercial
Companies
Libraries
Competition in general
Cooperation in general
Concept
Competition to target
money in the wallet of
consumer.
Cooperation by
outsourcing
Example
Competition to have
consumers spend
bonus money on
whether taking trips or
purchasing electric
products
•Cooperation between
incorporated University
institution and University
Libraries
•Cooperation between
local government and
Public Libraries
Brand Research
PQ: Perception Quotient
questionnaire surveys
Target
Commercial
Companies
Libraries
Consumers
Employees
Users
Librarians
Characters 1. Originality
2. Premium
3. Recommendation
Common Topics:
1. Characteristic
services
2. Evaluation of
collections of books
3. Comfortable service
Brand Research
Commercial
Companies
to consumers:
their needs
to employees:
Questionnaires use for their task
Libraries
to users:
their value
to librarians:
motivation to
accomplish their task
The Life Cycle
of commodity (merchandise)
at commercial companies
• Strong Needs of introducing new products for
Marketing
• Early development
↓
• Development
↓
• Maturation
↓
• Disbanding
↓
• Early development (introduction)
Library Services Life Cycle
• Philip Kotler
1969 Proposal of Marketing for nonprofit organization
• Life Cycle of Library Services in Japan
Google, e-book, digitalization
Early
development
Development E-journal, OPAC
Maturation
ILL, Open stack
Disbanding
Cataloging with cards and booklets
Library Consortia Life Cycle
• Shachaf’s theory of Consortia Life Cycle in 2003
• The Life Cycle Model
• Potter’s 6 standards
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The number of participating libraries
Core programs
Ground of the constitute
Financial source
Participation of major Universities
The management & administration organization
Library Consortia Life Cycle
country
The Name of Consortium
Established year
1996
No. of
participating
University
Libraries
UK
JISC DNER/NESLI (Joint
Information System
Committee, Distributed
National Electronic
Resources/National
Electronic Site Licensing)
175
Spain
REBIUN (Committee of the 1996
Conference of Spanish
University Principals)
47
Israel
MALMAD (Israel Center for 1997
Digital Information
Systems)
8
Library Consortia Life Cycle
country
The Name of Consortium
Austria
CAUL CEIRC (Council of
Australian University Libraries
Electronic Information
Resources Committee)
China
CALIS (China Academic
Library and
Established
year
No. of
participating
University
Libraries
1998
70
1998
70
1999
15
Information System)
Italy
INFER (Italia National Forum
on
Electronic Information
Resources)
Library Consortia Life Cycle
country
The Name of
Consortium
Micronesia FSM (Federated
State of
Micronesia
Library Service
Plan 1999-2000)
Brazil
ANSF (Academic
Network of Sao
Paulo)
No. of
Establish participating
ed year
University
Libraries
1999
all Libraries
of the
country
2000
6
Methodology of development stages
《The Embryonic Stage》
• Pre-establishment stage toward the later established
consortium.
Characters
1. Informal, Voluntary Networking Activities
2. Interlibrary Loans
Requirement for Establishing Formal Mechanisms
1. Governmental Funding and Approval
2. Strong Internal Leadership in Consortia
Methodology of development stages
《Early Development》
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gradually, Achieving the Primary Goals of Its Charter
Demonstrating Benefits That Will Reach Fruition in
the Development Stage
The Bibliographic Network and Interlibrary Loan Services
are Taking Root.
Starting ‘Full Text Databases’ Subscriptions
Establishment of Unique Identity of Consortium
Cultivating Outside Relationships
Methodology of development stages
《Development》
• Seeking funds from external sources
• suggestion of internal membership commitment
• Growth of subscriptions shared between consortia
members
• This stage lasts up to five years
• Focusing on the consortium’s effectiveness and
efficiency
Methodology of development stages
《Maturation》
• Guarantee for the access to electronic resources through
shared subscriptions, union catalogues and interlibrary
loan
• Support for Internet connections and Pprovision of
hardware for that purpose
• Extension of participation beyond academic libraries
• Financial independence by being self supported
organization with membership fee and service fee
• Becoming an important negotiation agent for electronic
licensing subscription
• Improving services by collaborating with other consortia
Methodology of development stages
1. Disbanding or Termination
•
Lack of Consortia viability
2. MetaConsortia
• Consortium of consortia, founded on
the basis of cooperation among
several consortia
Classification of the Consortia
by Stage of Development
Stage
Nationwide Consortia
1. Embryonic
Italy, Micronesia, Spain
2. Early Development
Brazil
3. Development
China, Israel, UK
4. Maturation
Australia
U.S.A (Statewide)
5. a. Disbanding
Farmington Plan, CISTI(Canada)
b. MetaConsortia
ICOLC, eIFL
Japanese University Libraries Consortia
The Embryonic Stage (1998 – 2000)
•
Joint use of Intranet style electronic journal
•
IDEAL Consortia by Academic Press
•
IDEAL open consortia (JIOC/NU) by 6 Universities of
Japan Association of National University Libraries
(JANUL)
↓
Disbanding in 2002
Japanese University Libraries Consortia
Early Development (2000 – 2002)
• Establishment of the task force for electronic
journal by Japan Association of National
University Libraries
• University of Tokyo Library took the major role
• April, 2002, signing up for the contract of a
consortium with Elsevier and other 4 publishers.
Japanese University Libraries Consortia
Development (2002 – 2003)
• Contract with 13 publisher for electronic journal
•
3,800 titles of electronic journals became available
•
Due to introducing electronic journals, Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
(MEXT) provide budget for National University Libraries.
•
Cooperative work with National Institute of Informatics to
establish guarantee of on going access to online
publications
• Establishment of Private University Libraries Consortium
(PULC)
Japanese University Libraries Consortia
Development (2002 – 2003)
• Subsidy from Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to
introduce electronic journals at Private
Universities
• Development into self supportive organization
• Japan Coalition of Library Consortia (JCOLC)
• Planning for the establishment of JCOLC
Conclusion
• Current consortia are only for purchasing
Electronic Journals. The same strategy must be
used for purchasing eBooks.
• For further development of the method of Schacaf,
we must correct newest data and continue
quantitative researches
• We are aiming to increase the purchase of
electronic information resources by establishing
an unique consortium which fit for the
environment of Japanese Libraries