Transcript Genetic lab 1

General Genetic
BIO 221
Lab 1
Mother
cell
Identical
daughter
cells
General Structure of Plant and Animal cells
• Cell definition:
The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Cells components:
The Cell Membrane
Location: Surround all living cells and organelle.
Function: -protect cell and Isolate the cytoplasm from the external
environment
- Regulate the exchange of substances
- Communicate with other cells
Composed of : 1- Phospholipids: bi-layer with embedded proteins.
2- glycoprotein: protein with attached carbohydrates
3- glyco-lipids: phospholipids with attached carbohydrates.
The Cytoplasm
Location: inside the cell membrane , surrounding the nuclear envelop and
cytoplasmic organelles.
Make up: proteins, vitamins, ions, nucleic acids, amino acids, sugars,
carbohydrates, and fatty acids.
Kinds of organelles: Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies,
Ribosomes, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Cytoskeleton ( filament responsiple for
the movement and give the cell shape) , Chloroplast in the plants cells , and
centrosome( compose of two centriols w
The Nucleus
• Contains:
1- Nucleus envelope
2- Nucleolus( produce ribosome
for protein synthesis)
3- Nucleo- plasm
4- Genetic material ( DNA)
- Chromatin ( Hetero- Eu)
- Chromosome( in cell division)
The Chromosome
• Chromosome Morphology
• Types of Chromosome
Telocentric: centromere at the very tip of the end
Acrocentric: centromere near to the end
Submetacentric: halfway between middle and tip
Metacentric: centromere near to the middle
Numbers of Chromosome
46 chromosomes in Female
46 chromosomes in Male
- Diploid number of Chromosome( 23 pairs in somatic cells)
- Haploid number ( 23 chromosome in sex cells)
Human Karyotype Activity
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/karyotype/
Homologous Chromosome
• In diploid (2n) organisms, the genome is composed of homologous
chromosomes.
• One chromosome of each homologous pair comes from the mother
(called a maternal chromosome) and one comes from the father
(paternal chromosome).
The Cell Divisions
Functions of Cell Division
•
•
•
Reproduction.
Growth and development
Tissue renewal.
•
Two kinds of division
1- Mitosis
2- Meiosis
Mitosis definition:
a type of cell division that results in two daughters cells, each having the same
number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary
tissue growth.
The Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle consists of
– Interphase – normal cell activity
– The mitotic phase – cell division
The Mitotic division
Divided into 4 stages of Mitosis:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
+
- Cytokinesis
Mitosis in a plant cell
Chromatine
Nucleus
Nucleolus condensing
Chromosome
Metaphase.
1
Prophase.
The chromatin
is condensing.
The nucleolus is
beginning to
disappear.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
2 Late prophase
3 The
4
We now see
spindle is completed,
chromosomes; each
and the chromosomes,
consists of two
attached to spindle fibers
identical sister
,
chromatids. Later
are all at the metaphase
in prometaphase, the
plate.
nuclear envelop will
fragment.
5
Anaphase:
Centromeres
divide
Spindle fibers
contract
Result = sister
chromatids are
pulled away from
one another
towards the poles
Telophase.
Daughter
nuclei are forming.
Meanwhile, cytokinesis
has started: The cell
plate, which will
divided the cytoplasm
in two, is growing
toward the perimeter
of the parent cell.
Cytokinesis
•
•
Animal cells: Cleavage
of cell into two halves.
Plant cells: Cell plate
Animal
Plant
Summary of Mitosis
and centriole moves to form each pole
Cleavage ( in animal cells ) or cell plate ( in plant cells )
http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/genetics/vgec/schoolscolleges/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-meiosis