Transcript Reporting Category 5 - Judson Independent School District

Reporting Category 3
04.29.15
TEK 7A
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Analyze and evaluate how evidence of
common ancestry among groups is provided
by the fossil record, biogeography, and
homologies, including anatomical, molecular,
and developmental
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection
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Darwin, who is famous for his trips to the Galapagos
Islands where he observed finches and other animals,
wrote “The origin of Species”
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His theory includes:
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1. variation exists among individuals in a species
2. individuals of species will compete for resources
3. some competition would lead to death of some
individuals while other would survive
4. individuals that had advantageous variations are
more likely to survive and reproduce
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection
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The process he described came to be known
as Natural Selection
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The favorable variations are called adaptations
Comparative Anatomy
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Homologous structures- structures that came from the
same embryonic tissue, but serve different functions
Vestigial structures-organs or other structures that are
not used; may have evolved over time to not need it
Analogous structures- structures in different organisms
that look similar, or perform similar functions, but are not
from the same ancestral source
Comparative Anatomy
Embryology
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Darwin believed
that uniformity
seen in the
embryos of
organisms was
evidence for
evolution
As the embryos
grow and
develop, they
become less and
less similar
Geographic Isolation
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When a species is
geographically isolated,
evolution can result in
separate species
largely due to genetic
drift
This can eventually
result in behavioral
isolation as well
Example Questions
The organisms have developed from a common ancestor
TEK 7E
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Analyze and evaluate the relationship of
natural selection to adaptation and to the
development of diversity in and among
species
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms(RIMs)
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Prevent successful breeding between different species.
They are barriers to gene flow
The two main kinds:
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms-act before
fertilization to prevent successful reproduction
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Habitat, temporal(time-based), behavioral, and structural
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms-act after fertilization
to prevent successful reproduction
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Hybrid inviablility(failure of zygote to develop) and hybrid
sterility, and speciation
Types of Speciation
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Allopatric- populations become geographically
separated, and develop RIMs
Sympatric-a population forms a new species within
the same area as the parent species
Parapatric- the speciating populations are only
partially separated geographically, so some individuals
on each side are able to meet across a common
boundary during the speciation process
Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution
Convergent
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Species from different
evolutionary branches
may resemble each
other if they have similar
ecological roles
Divergent
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The diversification of an
ancestral group into two
or more species in
different habitats
Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution
Convergent
Divergent
Example Question
TEK 7F
 Analyze
and evaluate the effects of other
evolutionary mechanisms, including
genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and
recombination mechanisms of evolution
Genetic Drift
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Imagine that in one generation, two brown beetles
happened to have four offspring survive to reproduce.
Several green beetles were killed when someone stepped
on them and had no offspring. The next generation would
have a few more brown beetles than the previous
generation—but just by chance. These chance changes
from generation to generation are known as genetic drift
Gene Flow
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Gene flow, aka migration, is any movement of
genes from one population to another. If genes
are carried to a population where those genes
previously did not exist, gene flow can be a
source of genetic variation
Bottlenecks and Founder Effects
Bottlenecks: occur when a population’s size is
reduced for at least one generation. This can
reduce a population’s genetic variation by a lot
 Founder effects: occurs when a new colony is
started by a few members of the original
population. This can also reduce genetic
variation
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TEK 8B
 Categorize
organisms using a hierarchical
classification system based on similarities
and differences shared among groups
Modern Linnaean System
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Domain: the category domain is used to recognize the
most basic differences among cell types. Organisms are
grouped into 1 of 3 domains
Kingdom: encompasses large groups such as plants,
animals, or fungi. There are 6 kingdoms
Phylum: a subgroup within a kingdom; Humans belong to
Chordata
Class: a subgroup within a phylum; Humans belong to
mammalia
Order: a subgroup within a class; Humans belong to
Primates
Modern Linnaean System
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Family: a subgroup within an order; Humans belong to
Hominidae
Genus: a subgroup within a family ; species in a genus
are thought to be closely related; Humans belong to
Homo
Species: a unique group of organisms united by
heredity; Humans belong to sapiens
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Homo sapiens is recognized as the only living primate
species that walks upright and uses spoken language
Modern Linnaean System
Taxonomic Diagrams
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Phylogeny: the evolutionary relationships
among organisms; this shows divergent
evolution over time
Taxonomic Diagrams
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Cladograms: expressing phylogeny in order of
divergence
Taxonomic Diagrams
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Dichotomous Keys: identify organisms, and
contain pairs of contrasting descriptions
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After each description, the key directs the user to
another pair of descriptions or identifies the
organism
Example Question 8B
TEK 7B
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Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations
concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and
sequential nature of groups in the fossil record
Fossils
A fossil is any parts or impressions of an
organism that may survive after its death
 A fossil record is an orderly array in which
fossils appear in the layers, or strata, of
sedimentary rocks
 There are several methods scientists use to
date fossils
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One example is Carbon 14 used to date bone, shell,
and charcoal
Gradual vs. Rapid Change
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Gradualism-the theory that evolution occurs
gradually over time
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Fits Darwin’s theory of evolution
Supported by fossil records
Punctuated Equilibrium-the theory that species
stay the same for long periods of time and
then have short bursts of evolution that
produce new species rapidly
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Also supported by fossil records
Gradual vs. Rapid Change
Gradualism
Punctuated Equilibrium
TEK 7C
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Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces
change in populations, not individuals
Principles of Natural Selection
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Natural Selection is the “mechanism” that leads to
adaptations in a population(or individual)
The principles of Natural Selection are:
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1. overproduction-species produce more young than will
survive to reproductive age
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2. variation: individuals vary from one another in
characteristics. Some variations are better suited
for the environment or conditions of the time
Principles of Natural Selection
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3. selection- a trait may be “selected” if it helps a species
survive. Selection leads to adaptation.
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Aka survival of the fittest
TEK 7D
 Analyze
and evaluate how the elements
of natural selection, including inherited
variation, the potential of a population to
produce more offspring than can survive,
and a finite supply of environmental
resources result in differential
reproductive success
Summary of Natural Selection
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Natural Selection will operate among any entities that
reproduce and show inheritance of characteristics
It may be directional, stabilizing or disruptive
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Directional: natural selection favors smaller individuals
Stabilizing: natural selection favors the middle individuals
Disruptive: natural selection favors the extremes
Variation that is created by genetic recombination
and mutation is accidental, and adaptively random in
direction
TEK 7G
 Analyze
and evaluate scientific
explanations concerning the complexity
of the cell
Endosymbiosis
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Evolution of eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis
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Evidence
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Structural
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Genetic
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Mitochondria & chloroplast resemble bacterial structure
Mitochondria & chloroplast have their own circular DNA,
like bacteria
Functional
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Mitochondria & chloroplast move freely within the cell
Mitochondria & chloroplast reproduce independently
from the cell
TEK 8A
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Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a
standardized taxonomic system to the scientific
community
Taxonomy
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The classification of organisms in a hierarchical system
based on shared characteristics or on phylogenetic
relationships
Kingdom
Order
Family
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Genus
Species
Good
Spaghetti
Phylum
Class
Who is this?
Common
Names:
Cougar
Mountain lion
And Puma
Scientific Name: Puma concolor
Binomial Nomenclature
“2 name system”
 Consists of the Genus and species of the
organism
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Puma concolor
Benefits:
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Latin roots (scientists from other countries can
recognize)
Avoid confusion of common
names(cougar/mountain lion)
Shows relationships and classification
TEK 8C
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Compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including
archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals
The 6 kingdoms
Kingdom
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Type
Number of
Cells
Nutrition